Natural Hazards

  1. Atmospheric, Hydrological, and Climatological Hazards
    1. Atmospheric Dynamics and Weather Systems
      1. Atmospheric Structure and Composition
        1. Energy Balance and Heat Transfer
          1. Pressure Systems and Wind Patterns
            1. Air Mass Characteristics
              1. Frontal Systems
                1. Jet Streams and Upper-Level Patterns
                2. Severe Weather Phenomena
                  1. Thunderstorms
                    1. Atmospheric Conditions for Development
                      1. Convective Processes
                        1. Thunderstorm Life Cycle
                          1. Cumulus Stage
                            1. Mature Stage
                              1. Dissipating Stage
                              2. Types of Thunderstorms
                                1. Single-Cell Thunderstorms
                                  1. Multi-Cell Thunderstorms
                                    1. Supercell Thunderstorms
                                      1. Squall Lines
                                      2. Associated Hazards
                                        1. Lightning
                                          1. Lightning Formation
                                            1. Types of Lightning
                                              1. Lightning Safety
                                              2. Hail
                                                1. Hail Formation Processes
                                                  1. Hail Size Classification
                                                    1. Hail Damage Assessment
                                                    2. Downbursts and Microbursts
                                                      1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                        1. Aviation Hazards
                                                        2. Heavy Rainfall and Flash Flooding
                                                          1. Strong Winds
                                                        3. Tornadoes
                                                          1. Formation Requirements
                                                            1. Supercell Structure and Tornadogenesis
                                                              1. Tornado Characteristics
                                                                1. Vortex Structure
                                                                  1. Multiple Vortex Tornadoes
                                                                    1. Tornado Life Cycle
                                                                    2. Classification and Measurement
                                                                      1. Enhanced Fujita Scale
                                                                        1. Damage Indicators
                                                                          1. Wind Speed Estimation
                                                                          2. Geographic Distribution
                                                                            1. Tornado Alley
                                                                              1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                1. Global Tornado Occurrence
                                                                                2. Tornado Forecasting
                                                                                  1. Meteorological Parameters
                                                                                    1. Doppler Radar Applications
                                                                                      1. Warning Systems
                                                                                      2. Tornado Safety and Preparedness
                                                                                        1. Safe Rooms and Shelters
                                                                                          1. Warning Response
                                                                                            1. Mobile Home Safety
                                                                                        2. Tropical Cyclones
                                                                                          1. Formation and Development
                                                                                            1. Environmental Requirements
                                                                                              1. Sea Surface Temperature
                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Instability
                                                                                                  1. Low Wind Shear
                                                                                                    1. Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                    2. Genesis Regions
                                                                                                      1. Tropical Cyclogenesis Process
                                                                                                      2. Structure and Dynamics
                                                                                                        1. Eye and Eyewall
                                                                                                          1. Rainband Structure
                                                                                                            1. Vertical Structure
                                                                                                              1. Energy Sources and Maintenance
                                                                                                              2. Life Cycle and Movement
                                                                                                                1. Tropical Disturbance
                                                                                                                  1. Tropical Depression
                                                                                                                    1. Tropical Storm
                                                                                                                      1. Hurricane/Typhoon Categories
                                                                                                                        1. Extratropical Transition
                                                                                                                          1. Dissipation Processes
                                                                                                                          2. Classification Systems
                                                                                                                            1. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
                                                                                                                              1. Regional Classification Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Integrated Kinetic Energy
                                                                                                                                2. Associated Hazards
                                                                                                                                  1. High Winds
                                                                                                                                    1. Wind Damage Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                      1. Wind Load on Structures
                                                                                                                                      2. Storm Surge
                                                                                                                                        1. Storm Surge Generation
                                                                                                                                          1. Surge Height Factors
                                                                                                                                            1. Coastal Inundation
                                                                                                                                            2. Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
                                                                                                                                              1. Rainfall Distribution
                                                                                                                                                1. Inland Flooding
                                                                                                                                                  1. Urban Flooding
                                                                                                                                                  2. Tornadoes in Tropical Cyclones
                                                                                                                                                    1. Rip Currents
                                                                                                                                                    2. Forecasting and Tracking
                                                                                                                                                      1. Numerical Weather Prediction
                                                                                                                                                        1. Track Forecasting
                                                                                                                                                          1. Intensity Forecasting
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ensemble Forecasting
                                                                                                                                                              1. Forecast Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                              2. Preparedness and Response
                                                                                                                                                                1. Hurricane Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Evacuation Planning
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Storm Surge Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Building Codes and Standards
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Post-Storm Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydrological Cycle and Flood Processes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Precipitation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Runoff Generation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Channel Flow Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Watershed Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Types of Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Riverine Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Overbank Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ice Jam Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Snowmelt Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Flash Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Flash Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Desert Flash Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dam Break Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coastal Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Storm Surge Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tsunami Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. King Tide Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Groundwater Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pluvial Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Flood Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flood Magnitude and Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flood Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flood Timing and Seasonality
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Floodplain Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Floodplain Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Floodplain Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flood Recurrence Intervals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regulatory Floodplains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Flood Hazard Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydrological Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydraulic Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flood Risk Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Climate Change Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Flood Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structural Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dams and Reservoirs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Levees and Floodwalls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Channel Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Detention Basins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Non-Structural Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Floodplain Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Insurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Emergency Response Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Droughts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drought Definition and Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drought vs. Aridity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drought Onset and Termination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drought Severity and Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Types of Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Meteorological Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Precipitation Deficits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Agricultural Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Moisture Deficits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Crop Water Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hydrological Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Streamflow Reductions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Groundwater Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reservoir Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Socioeconomic Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Supply Shortages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Drought Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. El Niño Southern Oscillation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pacific Decadal Oscillation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Land Surface Feedbacks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Change Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Drought Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Agricultural Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Supply Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social and Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Drought Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Meteorological Indices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Standardized Precipitation Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Palmer Drought Severity Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Agricultural Indices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Crop Moisture Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vegetation Health Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hydrological Indices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Remote Sensing Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Drought Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drought Preparedness Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Conservation Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Emergency Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Long-term Adaptation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wildfires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fire Science Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fire Triangle Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fuel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fire Tetrahedron
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Combustion Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fuel Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fuel Types and Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fuel Load and Arrangement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fuel Moisture Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fuel Continuity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Topographic Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Slope Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aspect Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Elevation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Terrain Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Weather Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wind Speed and Direction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature and Humidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atmospheric Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Weather Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Types of Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ground Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Crown Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spot Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Whirls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fire Ignition Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lightning Strikes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volcanic Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Human-Caused Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Accidental Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intentional Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Arson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Wildfire Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vegetation Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wildlife Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Air Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Infrastructure Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Economic Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Fire Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fire Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fire Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Suppression Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fuel Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Community Wildfire Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wildland-Urban Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. WUI Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fire Risk Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Defensible Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fire-Resistant Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Atmospheric Hazards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Extreme Temperature Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heatwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Heat Index and Apparent Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Urban Heat Island Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Demand Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cold Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wind Chill Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hypothermia and Frostbite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Infrastructure Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Winter Weather Hazards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blizzards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Formation Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Visibility and Wind Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transportation Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ice Storms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Freezing Rain Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ice Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Power Outage Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Heavy Snow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Snow Load on Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Avalanche Risks

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Earth's Internal Processes and Geological Hazards

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Biological and Environmental Hazards