Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

  1. Micro-irrigation Systems
    1. System Principles
      1. Low-pressure Application
        1. Pressure Requirements
          1. Flow Characteristics
            1. Energy Efficiency
            2. Localized Water Application
              1. Root Zone Targeting
                1. Reduced Evaporation
                  1. Weed Control Benefits
                  2. Frequent Irrigation
                    1. High-frequency Application
                      1. Soil Moisture Maintenance
                        1. Stress Reduction
                      2. System Components
                        1. Water Source and Pumping
                          1. Water Quality Requirements
                            1. Pump Selection
                              1. Pressure Tanks
                              2. Filtration Systems
                                1. Screen Filters
                                  1. Sand Filters
                                    1. Disk Filters
                                      1. Automatic Backwash Systems
                                      2. Pressure Control
                                        1. Pressure Regulators
                                          1. Pressure Compensating Devices
                                            1. Relief Valves
                                            2. Distribution Network
                                              1. Main Lines
                                                1. Sub-main Lines
                                                  1. Manifolds
                                                    1. Lateral Lines
                                                    2. Emitters and Applicators
                                                      1. Drip Emitters
                                                        1. Micro-sprinklers
                                                          1. Micro-jets
                                                            1. Bubblers
                                                          2. Emitter Types and Characteristics
                                                            1. Pressure Compensating Emitters
                                                              1. Operating Principles
                                                                1. Pressure-discharge Relationships
                                                                2. Non-pressure Compensating Emitters
                                                                  1. Orifice Emitters
                                                                    1. Vortex Emitters
                                                                      1. Tortuous Path Emitters
                                                                      2. Self-flushing Emitters
                                                                        1. Flushing Mechanisms
                                                                          1. Clogging Prevention
                                                                            1. Maintenance Benefits
                                                                            2. Emitter Performance
                                                                              1. Discharge Rates
                                                                                1. Pressure Sensitivity
                                                                                  1. Manufacturing Variation
                                                                                    1. Coefficient of Variation
                                                                                  2. System Design
                                                                                    1. Design Criteria
                                                                                      1. Crop Requirements
                                                                                        1. Soil Properties
                                                                                          1. Water Quality
                                                                                            1. Economic Factors
                                                                                            2. Hydraulic Design
                                                                                              1. Emitter Selection
                                                                                                1. Lateral Design
                                                                                                  1. Manifold Design
                                                                                                    1. Main Line Design
                                                                                                    2. Emission Uniformity
                                                                                                      1. Design Uniformity
                                                                                                        1. Field Uniformity
                                                                                                          1. Factors Affecting Uniformity
                                                                                                          2. Fertigation Integration
                                                                                                            1. Fertilizer Injection
                                                                                                              1. Chemical Compatibility
                                                                                                                1. Application Timing
                                                                                                              2. Clogging and Maintenance
                                                                                                                1. Clogging Mechanisms
                                                                                                                  1. Physical Clogging
                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Precipitation
                                                                                                                      1. Biological Growth
                                                                                                                      2. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                                        1. Water Treatment
                                                                                                                          1. System Flushing
                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Treatment
                                                                                                                            2. Maintenance Procedures
                                                                                                                              1. Regular Inspections
                                                                                                                                1. Cleaning Protocols
                                                                                                                                  1. Component Replacement
                                                                                                                                  2. Troubleshooting
                                                                                                                                    1. Performance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                      1. Problem Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                        1. Corrective Actions

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                                                                                                                                    9. Water Conveyance and Control Structures