Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

  1. Water Quality for Irrigation
    1. Water Quality Parameters
      1. Salinity Hazard
        1. Electrical Conductivity
          1. Total Dissolved Solids
            1. Osmotic Effects
              1. Crop Tolerance
              2. Sodium Hazard
                1. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
                  1. Percent Sodium
                    1. Soil Infiltration Effects
                    2. Specific Ion Toxicity
                      1. Boron Toxicity
                        1. Chloride Toxicity
                          1. Sodium Toxicity
                            1. Trace Elements
                            2. pH and Alkalinity
                              1. pH Effects
                                1. Bicarbonate Hazard
                                  1. Residual Sodium Carbonate
                                2. Water Quality Assessment
                                  1. Sampling Procedures
                                    1. Representative Sampling
                                      1. Sampling Frequency
                                        1. Sample Preservation
                                        2. Laboratory Analysis
                                          1. Standard Methods
                                            1. Quality Control
                                              1. Result Interpretation
                                              2. Field Testing
                                                1. Portable Instruments
                                                  1. Quick Tests
                                                    1. On-site Analysis
                                                  2. Water Treatment Options
                                                    1. Physical Treatment
                                                      1. Filtration
                                                        1. Sedimentation
                                                          1. Aeration
                                                          2. Chemical Treatment
                                                            1. pH Adjustment
                                                              1. Precipitation
                                                                1. Ion Exchange
                                                                2. Biological Treatment
                                                                  1. Constructed Wetlands
                                                                    1. Lagoon Systems
                                                                      1. Biofilters
                                                                    2. Alternative Water Sources
                                                                      1. Treated Wastewater
                                                                        1. Treatment Levels
                                                                          1. Health Considerations
                                                                            1. Regulatory Requirements
                                                                              1. Application Methods
                                                                              2. Brackish Water
                                                                                1. Desalination Options
                                                                                  1. Blending Strategies
                                                                                    1. Economic Feasibility
                                                                                    2. Stormwater Harvesting
                                                                                      1. Collection Systems
                                                                                        1. Storage Options
                                                                                          1. Quality Considerations

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                                                                                      14. On-farm Water Management

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                                                                                      16. Irrigation System Automation