Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

  1. Irrigation Water Requirements
    1. Evapotranspiration Concepts
      1. Reference Evapotranspiration
        1. Definition and Standards
          1. Grass Reference
            1. Alfalfa Reference
            2. Crop Evapotranspiration
              1. Crop Coefficient Approach
                1. Growth Stage Variations
                  1. Environmental Modifications
                  2. Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration
                    1. Climatic Factors
                      1. Crop Factors
                        1. Management Factors
                          1. Soil Factors
                        2. Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods
                          1. Direct Measurement
                            1. Lysimeter Studies
                              1. Eddy Covariance
                                1. Bowen Ratio
                                2. Combination Methods
                                  1. Penman-Monteith Equation
                                    1. Penman Equation
                                      1. Priestley-Taylor Method
                                      2. Temperature-Based Methods
                                        1. Hargreaves-Samani Method
                                          1. Blaney-Criddle Method
                                            1. Thornthwaite Method
                                            2. Radiation-Based Methods
                                              1. Turc Method
                                                1. Makkink Method
                                                  1. Jensen-Haise Method
                                                2. Effective Rainfall
                                                  1. Definition and Concepts
                                                    1. Useful Rainfall
                                                      1. Rainfall Efficiency
                                                        1. Timing Considerations
                                                        2. Estimation Methods
                                                          1. Fixed Percentage Method
                                                            1. USDA Soil Conservation Service Method
                                                              1. FAO Method
                                                              2. Factors Affecting Effectiveness
                                                                1. Rainfall Intensity
                                                                  1. Soil Properties
                                                                    1. Crop Stage
                                                                      1. Antecedent Conditions
                                                                    2. Irrigation Requirement Calculations
                                                                      1. Net Irrigation Requirement
                                                                        1. Basic Calculation
                                                                          1. Temporal Variations
                                                                            1. Spatial Variations
                                                                            2. Gross Irrigation Requirement
                                                                              1. Application Efficiency
                                                                                1. Conveyance Losses
                                                                                  1. Operational Losses
                                                                                  2. Peak Water Demand
                                                                                    1. Critical Periods
                                                                                      1. Design Capacity
                                                                                        1. Safety Factors
                                                                                      2. Irrigation Efficiency Concepts
                                                                                        1. Application Efficiency
                                                                                          1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                            1. Factors Affecting Efficiency
                                                                                              1. Improvement Strategies
                                                                                              2. Conveyance Efficiency
                                                                                                1. Canal Losses
                                                                                                  1. Pipeline Losses
                                                                                                    1. Loss Reduction Methods
                                                                                                    2. Storage Efficiency
                                                                                                      1. Root Zone Storage
                                                                                                        1. Deep Percolation Losses
                                                                                                          1. Optimization Techniques
                                                                                                          2. Overall Project Efficiency
                                                                                                            1. System Integration
                                                                                                              1. Performance Indicators
                                                                                                                1. Benchmarking

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                                                                                                            4. Hydraulics of Water Conveyance

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                                                                                                            6. Surface Irrigation Systems