Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

  1. Salt-affected Soil Management
    1. Soil Salinity and Sodicity
      1. Salt Sources
        1. Natural Salinity
          1. Irrigation-induced Salinity
            1. Groundwater Salinity
              1. Fertilizer Salts
              2. Salinity Measurement
                1. Electrical Conductivity
                  1. Total Dissolved Solids
                    1. Osmotic Pressure
                    2. Sodicity Assessment
                      1. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
                        1. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
                          1. pH Measurements
                          2. Classification Systems
                            1. Saline Soils
                              1. Sodic Soils
                                1. Saline-sodic Soils
                              2. Leaching Requirements
                                1. Leaching Fraction
                                  1. Calculation Methods
                                    1. Crop Salt Tolerance
                                      1. Water Quality Factors
                                      2. Leaching Efficiency
                                        1. Uniform Leaching
                                          1. Preferential Flow
                                            1. Bypass Flow
                                            2. Drainage Requirements
                                              1. Leachate Removal
                                                1. Water Table Control
                                                  1. Drainage Adequacy
                                                2. Reclamation Methods
                                                  1. Physical Reclamation
                                                    1. Deep Plowing
                                                      1. Subsoiling
                                                        1. Profile Modification
                                                          1. Drainage Installation
                                                          2. Chemical Amendments
                                                            1. Gypsum Application
                                                              1. Sulfur Application
                                                                1. Acid Application
                                                                  1. Organic Amendments
                                                                  2. Biological Methods
                                                                    1. Salt-tolerant Crops
                                                                      1. Green Manuring
                                                                        1. Microbial Treatments
                                                                        2. Water Management
                                                                          1. High-quality Water
                                                                            1. Blending Waters
                                                                              1. Cyclic Water Use
                                                                            2. Monitoring and Evaluation
                                                                              1. Soil Testing
                                                                                1. Sampling Procedures
                                                                                  1. Laboratory Analysis
                                                                                    1. Field Testing
                                                                                    2. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                      1. Irrigation Water
                                                                                        1. Drainage Water
                                                                                          1. Groundwater
                                                                                          2. Plant Response
                                                                                            1. Growth Measurements
                                                                                              1. Yield Monitoring
                                                                                                1. Salt Tolerance Assessment
                                                                                                2. Long-term Monitoring
                                                                                                  1. Trend Analysis
                                                                                                    1. Effectiveness Evaluation
                                                                                                      1. Adaptive Management

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                                                                                                  12. Subsurface Drainage Systems

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                                                                                                  14. On-farm Water Management