Genetics and Genomics

As a fundamental branch of biology, Genetics and Genomics explores the blueprint of life encoded in DNA. Genetics is the study of heredity, focusing on how individual genes are transmitted from parents to offspring and how they function to produce specific traits. Genomics expands this scope to the study of an organism's entire set of genes—its genome—analyzing the collective structure, function, interaction, and evolution of all genes simultaneously to understand how the complete genetic system orchestrates the functions of a living being.

1. Introduction to Genetics and Heredity
   1. Historical Perspectives on Heredity
      1. Ancient Theories of Inheritance
         1. Aristotelian Views
         2. Hippocratic Theory
         3. Medieval Concepts
      2. Pre-Mendelian Scientific Theories
         1. Pangenesis Theory
         2. Preformationism
         3. Epigenesis
         4. Blending Theory of Inheritance
            1. Core Assumptions
            2. Observable Limitations
            3. Contradictory Evidence
   2. Gregor Mendel and the Foundation of Genetics
      1. Mendel's Experimental Approach
         1. Choice of Pisum sativum
            1. Advantageous Characteristics
            2. Available Traits for Study
         2. Experimental Design Principles
            1. Controlled Crosses
            2. True-Breeding Lines
            3. Statistical Analysis
      2. Monohybrid Crosses
         1. Experimental Procedure
         2. F1 Generation Results
         3. F2 Generation Results
         4. 3:1 Phenotypic Ratio
      3. Dihybrid Crosses
         1. Experimental Setup
         2. F1 Generation Observations
         3. F2 Generation Analysis
         4. 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic Ratio
   3. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
      1. Law of Segregation
         1. Particulate Nature of Inheritance
         2. Allele Separation During Gamete Formation
         3. Experimental Evidence
      2. Law of Independent Assortment
         1. Independent Behavior of Gene Pairs
         2. Chromosomal Basis
         3. Experimental Support
   4. Fundamental Genetic Terminology
      1. Gene and Allele
         1. Gene Definition and Function
         2. Allele Variations
         3. Multiple Alleles
      2. Genotype and Phenotype
         1. Genotype Characteristics
         2. Phenotype Expression
         3. Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
      3. Homozygous and Heterozygous States
         1. Homozygous Dominant
         2. Homozygous Recessive
         3. Heterozygous Condition
      4. Dominance Relationships
         1. Dominant Alleles
         2. Recessive Alleles
         3. Codominance
         4. Incomplete Dominance
   5. Probability and Genetic Analysis
      1. Basic Probability Principles
         1. Independent Events
         2. Mutually Exclusive Events
         3. Conditional Probability
      2. Punnett Square Method
         1. Construction Techniques
         2. Monohybrid Applications
         3. Dihybrid Applications
         4. Limitations
      3. Mathematical Rules in Genetics
         1. Product Rule
         2. Sum Rule
         3. Binomial Expansion
      4. Pedigree Analysis
         1. Pedigree Symbols
         2. Construction Methods
         3. Inheritance Pattern Recognition
         4. Autosomal Dominant Patterns
         5. Autosomal Recessive Patterns
         6. Sex-Linked Patterns