Genetics and Genomics

4.

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

4.1.

Non-Mendelian Dominance Patterns

4.1.1.

Incomplete Dominance

4.1.1.1.

Blended Phenotypes

4.1.1.2.

Molecular Basis

4.1.1.3.

Examples in Nature

4.1.2.

4.1.2.1.

Simultaneous Expression

4.1.2.2.

ABO Blood System

4.1.2.3.

Molecular Mechanisms

4.2.

Multiple Allele Systems

4.2.1.

4.2.2.

Population Genetics

4.2.3.

ABO Blood Group System

4.2.3.1.

A Allele Function

4.2.3.2.

B Allele Function

4.2.3.3.

O Allele Characteristics

4.2.3.4.

Genotype-Phenotype Relationships

4.2.4.

4.2.5.

Coat Color in Animals

4.3.

Gene Interaction Effects

4.3.1.

Epistasis Types

4.3.1.1.

Recessive Epistasis

4.3.1.2.

Dominant Epistasis

4.3.1.3.

Complementary Gene Interaction

4.3.1.4.

Supplementary Gene Interaction

4.3.1.5.

Inhibitory Gene Interaction

4.3.2.

Modified Mendelian Ratios

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

4.3.2.3.

4.3.2.4.

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1.

Single Gene Multiple Effects

4.3.3.2.

Metabolic Pathways

4.3.3.3.

Developmental Cascades

4.4.

Lethal Allele Effects

4.4.1.

Recessive Lethal Alleles

4.4.1.1.

Homozygous Lethality

4.4.1.2.

Carrier Advantage

4.4.1.3.

Population Effects

4.4.2.

Dominant Lethal Alleles

4.4.2.1.

Heterozygous Effects

4.4.2.2.

Conditional Lethality

4.4.2.3.

Age-Related Expression

4.4.3.

Balanced Lethal Systems

4.5.

Penetrance and Expressivity

4.5.1.

Complete Penetrance

4.5.2.

Incomplete Penetrance

4.5.2.1.

Age-Related Penetrance

4.5.2.2.

Environmental Factors

4.5.3.

Variable Expressivity

4.5.3.1.

4.5.3.2.

Environmental Influences

4.5.3.3.

Stochastic Effects

4.6.

Environmental Influences

4.6.1.

Phenocopy Effects

4.6.2.

Norm of Reaction

4.6.3.

Temperature-Sensitive Mutations

4.6.4.

Nutritional Effects

4.6.5.

Seasonal Variations

4.7.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

4.7.1.

X-Linked Inheritance

4.7.1.1.

Hemizygous Males

4.7.1.2.

Carrier Females

4.7.1.3.

Inheritance Patterns

4.7.1.4.

X-Linked Recessive Traits

4.7.1.5.

X-Linked Dominant Traits

4.7.2.

Y-Linked Inheritance

4.7.2.1.

Patrilineal Inheritance

4.7.2.2.

Holandric Traits

4.7.2.3.

Y Chromosome Structure

4.7.3.

Sex-Influenced Traits

4.7.4.

Sex-Limited Traits

4.8.

Extranuclear Inheritance

4.8.1.

Mitochondrial Inheritance

4.8.1.1.

Maternal Inheritance Pattern

4.8.1.2.

Mitochondrial DNA Structure

4.8.1.3.

Mitochondrial Genetic Code

4.8.1.4.

Mitochondrial Disorders

4.8.1.4.1.

4.8.1.4.2.

4.8.1.4.3.

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

4.8.2.

Chloroplast Inheritance

4.8.2.1.

Biparental Inheritance

4.8.2.2.

Chloroplast DNA Organization

4.8.2.3.

Variegated Plants

4.8.3.

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

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5. Chromosomal Genetics