Genetics and Genomics

  1. Molecular Basis of Heredity
    1. Discovery of DNA as Genetic Material
      1. Early Evidence for Nucleic Acids
        1. Miescher's Discovery
          1. Chemical Composition Studies
          2. Transformation Experiments
            1. Griffith's Pneumonia Studies
              1. Experimental Design
                1. Transformation Principle
                  1. Conclusions and Limitations
                  2. Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment
                    1. Identification Methods
                      1. Enzyme Treatments
                        1. DNA as Transforming Principle
                      2. Bacteriophage Studies
                        1. Hershey-Chase Experiment
                          1. Radioactive Labeling
                            1. Blender Experiment
                              1. DNA Confirmation
                          2. Structure of Nucleic Acids
                            1. DNA Structure and Components
                              1. Nucleotide Components
                                1. Deoxyribose Sugar Structure
                                  1. Phosphate Group Function
                                    1. Nitrogenous Base Types
                                    2. Purine Bases
                                      1. Adenine Structure
                                        1. Guanine Structure
                                        2. Pyrimidine Bases
                                          1. Cytosine Structure
                                            1. Thymine Structure
                                            2. DNA Double Helix
                                              1. Watson-Crick Model
                                                1. Base Pairing Rules
                                                  1. Hydrogen Bonding
                                                    1. Antiparallel Strand Orientation
                                                      1. Major and Minor Grooves
                                                      2. Chargaff's Rules
                                                        1. Base Composition Analysis
                                                          1. Species Variations
                                                        2. RNA Structure and Function
                                                          1. Structural Differences from DNA
                                                            1. Ribose Sugar
                                                              1. Uracil Base
                                                                1. Single-Strand Nature
                                                                2. RNA Types and Functions
                                                                  1. Messenger RNA
                                                                    1. Structure and Processing
                                                                      1. Coding Function
                                                                      2. Transfer RNA
                                                                        1. Cloverleaf Structure
                                                                          1. Anticodon Function
                                                                            1. Amino Acid Attachment
                                                                            2. Ribosomal RNA
                                                                              1. Ribosome Components
                                                                                1. Catalytic Function
                                                                                2. Regulatory RNAs
                                                                                  1. MicroRNA
                                                                                    1. Small Interfering RNA
                                                                                      1. Small Nuclear RNA
                                                                                        1. Long Non-coding RNA
                                                                                  2. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
                                                                                    1. Information Flow Principles
                                                                                      1. DNA to RNA Transcription
                                                                                        1. RNA to Protein Translation
                                                                                          1. Reverse Transcription
                                                                                          2. Exceptions to Central Dogma
                                                                                            1. RNA Viruses
                                                                                              1. Prions
                                                                                                1. RNA Editing
                                                                                              2. DNA Replication
                                                                                                1. Replication Models
                                                                                                  1. Conservative Model
                                                                                                    1. Semiconservative Model
                                                                                                      1. Dispersive Model
                                                                                                        1. Meselson-Stahl Experiment
                                                                                                        2. Replication Machinery
                                                                                                          1. DNA Polymerases
                                                                                                            1. Polymerase I Function
                                                                                                              1. Polymerase II Function
                                                                                                                1. Polymerase III Function
                                                                                                                  1. Proofreading Activity
                                                                                                                  2. Helicase Function
                                                                                                                    1. Primase Role
                                                                                                                      1. DNA Ligase Activity
                                                                                                                        1. Single-Strand Binding Proteins
                                                                                                                          1. Topoisomerase Function
                                                                                                                          2. Replication Process
                                                                                                                            1. Origin of Replication
                                                                                                                              1. Replication Fork Formation
                                                                                                                                1. Leading Strand Synthesis
                                                                                                                                  1. Lagging Strand Synthesis
                                                                                                                                    1. Okazaki Fragment Formation
                                                                                                                                      1. Fragment Joining
                                                                                                                                      2. Telomeres and Chromosome Ends
                                                                                                                                        1. Telomere Structure
                                                                                                                                          1. End Replication Problem
                                                                                                                                            1. Telomerase Function
                                                                                                                                              1. Telomerase Regulation
                                                                                                                                            2. Transcription Process
                                                                                                                                              1. RNA Polymerase Types
                                                                                                                                                1. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase
                                                                                                                                                  1. Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase I
                                                                                                                                                    1. Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II
                                                                                                                                                      1. Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase III
                                                                                                                                                      2. Transcription Elements
                                                                                                                                                        1. Promoter Sequences
                                                                                                                                                          1. Terminator Sequences
                                                                                                                                                            1. Enhancer Elements
                                                                                                                                                              1. Silencer Elements
                                                                                                                                                              2. Transcription Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                1. Initiation Phase
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Elongation Phase
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Termination Phase
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transcription Bubble
                                                                                                                                                                      2. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
                                                                                                                                                                        1. 5' Capping
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cap Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cap Function
                                                                                                                                                                            2. 3' Polyadenylation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Poly-A Tail Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stability Function
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Splicing Process
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intron Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Exon Joining
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spliceosome Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Splicing
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Translation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic Code Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Codon Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Start Codon Function
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stop Codon Types
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Code Degeneracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wobble Base Pairing
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Translation Machinery
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ribosome Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Large Subunit Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Small Subunit Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ribosomal RNA Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transfer RNA Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anticodon Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Amino Acid Attachment
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Translation Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Initiation Complex Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Elongation Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peptide Bond Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Translocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Termination Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Release Factor Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ribosome Dissociation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Post-Translational Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protein Folding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chaperone Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Folding Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Methylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Acetylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ubiquitination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Signal Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cellular Compartments

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Genetics and Heredity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Gene Regulation and Expression