Genetics and Genomics

9.

Applied Genetics and Genomics

9.1.

Recombinant DNA Technology

9.1.1.

Restriction Enzyme Systems

9.1.1.1.

9.1.1.2.

Type II Enzymes

9.1.1.3.

Type III Enzymes

9.1.1.4.

Recognition Sequences

9.1.1.5.

Cutting Patterns

9.1.1.6.

9.1.2.

Cloning Vectors

9.1.2.1.

Plasmid Vectors

9.1.2.1.1.

9.1.2.1.2.

9.1.2.1.3.

Expression Vectors

9.1.2.2.

Bacteriophage Vectors

9.1.2.2.1.

9.1.2.2.2.

9.1.2.3.

9.1.2.4.

Artificial Chromosomes

9.1.2.4.1.

9.1.2.4.2.

9.1.2.4.3.

9.1.3.

DNA Amplification

9.1.3.1.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

9.1.3.1.1.

Denaturation Step

9.1.3.1.2.

9.1.3.1.3.

9.1.3.1.4.

9.1.3.1.5.

Thermostable Polymerases

9.1.3.2.

9.1.3.2.1.

Reverse Transcription PCR

9.1.3.2.2.

Quantitative PCR

9.1.3.2.3.

9.1.3.2.4.

9.1.4.

DNA Analysis Techniques

9.1.4.1.

Gel Electrophoresis

9.1.4.1.1.

9.1.4.1.2.

Polyacrylamide Gels

9.1.4.1.3.

Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

9.1.4.2.

Southern Blotting

9.1.4.3.

Northern Blotting

9.1.4.4.

Western Blotting

9.1.4.5.

DNA Sequencing Methods

9.2.

Genetic Engineering Applications

9.2.1.

Genetically Modified Organisms

9.2.1.1.

Transformation Methods

9.2.1.1.1.

Chemical Transformation

9.2.1.1.2.

Electroporation

9.2.1.1.3.

9.2.1.1.4.

Biolistic Transformation

9.2.1.2.

Selection Systems

9.2.1.2.1.

Antibiotic Resistance

9.2.1.2.2.

Nutritional Selection

9.2.1.2.3.

9.2.2.

Agricultural Applications

9.2.2.1.

Herbicide Resistance

9.2.2.2.

Insect Resistance

9.2.2.3.

Disease Resistance

9.2.2.4.

Nutritional Enhancement

9.2.2.5.

Stress Tolerance

9.2.3.

Industrial Applications

9.2.3.1.

Recombinant Proteins

9.2.3.2.

Enzyme Production

9.2.3.3.

Biofuel Production

9.2.3.4.

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

9.2.4.

Environmental Applications

9.2.4.1.

9.2.4.2.

9.2.4.3.

Waste Treatment

9.3.

Advanced Gene Editing

9.3.1.

CRISPR-Cas Systems

9.3.1.1.

9.3.1.1.1.

Guide RNA Design

9.3.1.1.2.

PAM Sequence Recognition

9.3.1.1.3.

9.3.1.2.

9.3.1.3.

9.3.1.4.

9.3.1.5.

9.3.2.

Other Editing Systems

9.3.2.1.

Zinc Finger Nucleases

9.3.2.2.

9.3.2.3.

9.3.3.

Delivery Methods

9.3.3.1.

9.3.3.2.

9.3.3.3.

Electroporation

9.3.3.4.

9.4.

Medical Genetics and Genomics

9.4.1.

Genetic Testing

9.4.1.1.

Diagnostic Testing

9.4.1.2.

Predictive Testing

9.4.1.3.

Carrier Testing

9.4.1.4.

Pharmacogenetic Testing

9.4.1.5.

Prenatal Testing

9.4.1.5.1.

9.4.1.5.2.

Chorionic Villus Sampling

9.4.1.5.3.

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

9.4.1.6.

Newborn Screening

9.4.2.

Genetic Counseling

9.4.2.1.

Risk Assessment

9.4.2.2.

Family History Analysis

9.4.2.3.

Test Result Interpretation

9.4.2.4.

Psychosocial Support

9.4.2.5.

Reproductive Options

9.4.3.

9.4.3.1.

Somatic Gene Therapy

9.4.3.1.1.

Ex Vivo Approaches

9.4.3.1.2.

In Vivo Delivery

9.4.3.1.3.

9.4.3.2.

Germline Gene Therapy

9.4.3.3.

Clinical Trial Phases

9.4.3.4.

Safety Considerations

9.4.4.

Pharmacogenomics

9.4.4.1.

Drug Metabolism Genes

9.4.4.2.

Drug Response Prediction

9.4.4.3.

Adverse Reaction Prevention

9.4.4.4.

Personalized Dosing

9.5.

Cancer Genetics

9.5.1.

Oncogene Function

9.5.1.1.

Growth Factor Genes

9.5.1.2.

Growth Factor Receptor Genes

9.5.1.3.

Signal Transduction Genes

9.5.1.4.

Transcription Factor Genes

9.5.2.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

9.5.2.1.

9.5.2.2.

9.5.2.3.

BRCA1 and BRCA2

9.5.2.4.

9.5.3.

Cancer Development Models

9.5.3.1.

Two-Hit Hypothesis

9.5.3.2.

Multi-Step Carcinogenesis

9.5.3.3.

Clonal Evolution

9.5.4.

Hereditary Cancer Syndromes

9.5.4.1.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

9.5.4.2.

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer

9.5.4.3.

9.5.4.4.

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

9.6.

Forensic Genetics

9.6.1.

9.6.1.1.

9.6.1.2.

9.6.1.3.

Y-Chromosome Analysis

9.6.1.4.

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis

9.6.2.

Paternity Testing

9.6.3.

Mass Disaster Victim Identification

9.6.4.

Cold Case Investigations

9.6.5.

Database Searches

9.7.

Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues

9.7.1.

Genetic Privacy

9.7.1.1.

Confidentiality

9.7.1.2.

9.7.1.3.

Informed Consent

9.7.2.

Genetic Discrimination

9.7.2.1.

Employment Discrimination

9.7.2.2.

Insurance Discrimination

9.7.2.3.

Legal Protections

9.7.3.

Gene Editing Ethics

9.7.3.1.

Somatic vs Germline Editing

9.7.3.2.

Enhancement vs Treatment

9.7.3.3.

9.7.4.

Research Ethics

9.7.4.1.

Human Subjects Protection

9.7.4.2.

Benefit-Risk Assessment

9.7.4.3.

Community Engagement

9.7.5.

Societal Impact

9.7.5.1.

Health Disparities

9.7.5.2.

Access to Testing

9.7.5.3.

Public Understanding

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8. Genomics and Bioinformatics

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1. Introduction to Genetics and Heredity