Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

  1. Ecotoxicology: Effects on Biological Systems
    1. Bioavailability of Contaminants
      1. Definition of Bioavailability
        1. Factors Affecting Bioavailability
          1. Chemical Speciation
            1. Environmental Conditions
              1. Organism Characteristics
              2. Measurement Methods
                1. Chemical Extraction Methods
                  1. Biological Assays
                    1. Modeling Approaches
                  2. Bioaccumulation Processes
                    1. Bioconcentration
                      1. Bioconcentration Factor
                      2. Bioaccumulation
                        1. Bioaccumulation Factor
                        2. Biomagnification
                          1. Biomagnification Factor
                          2. Trophic Transfer
                            1. Food Web Dynamics
                              1. Trophic Transfer Efficiency
                              2. Case Studies
                                1. Mercury in Aquatic Food Webs
                                  1. PCBs in Marine Ecosystems
                                2. Biomarkers and Bioindicators
                                  1. Types of Biomarkers
                                    1. Biomarkers of Exposure
                                      1. Biomarkers of Effect
                                        1. Biomarkers of Susceptibility
                                        2. Molecular Biomarkers
                                          1. DNA Damage
                                            1. Protein Adducts
                                              1. Gene Expression
                                              2. Biochemical Biomarkers
                                                1. Enzyme Activity
                                                  1. Metabolite Levels
                                                  2. Physiological Biomarkers
                                                    1. Use in Environmental Monitoring
                                                      1. Bioindicator Species
                                                      2. Effects on Individuals and Populations
                                                        1. Acute Toxicity
                                                          1. Lethal Effects
                                                            1. Time to Death
                                                            2. Chronic Toxicity
                                                              1. Long-term Exposure Effects
                                                                1. Cumulative Toxicity
                                                                2. Sublethal Effects
                                                                  1. Reproduction
                                                                    1. Fertility
                                                                      1. Fecundity
                                                                        1. Reproductive Success
                                                                        2. Growth
                                                                          1. Growth Rate
                                                                            1. Body Size
                                                                            2. Behavior
                                                                              1. Feeding Behavior
                                                                                1. Mating Behavior
                                                                                  1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                2. Population-Level Effects
                                                                                  1. Population Growth Rate
                                                                                    1. Age Structure
                                                                                      1. Genetic Diversity
                                                                                    2. Effects on Communities and Ecosystems
                                                                                      1. Changes in Species Diversity
                                                                                        1. Species Richness
                                                                                          1. Species Evenness
                                                                                            1. Diversity Indices
                                                                                            2. Disruption of Food Webs
                                                                                              1. Predator-Prey Relationships
                                                                                                1. Energy Flow
                                                                                                2. Alteration of Ecosystem Function
                                                                                                  1. Primary Productivity
                                                                                                    1. Decomposition
                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                      2. Community-Level Endpoints
                                                                                                        1. Community Structure
                                                                                                          1. Functional Groups
                                                                                                            1. Keystone Species Effects
                                                                                                          2. Ecotoxicological Testing Methods
                                                                                                            1. Aquatic Toxicity Tests
                                                                                                              1. Fish Tests
                                                                                                                1. Acute Toxicity Tests
                                                                                                                  1. Chronic Toxicity Tests
                                                                                                                    1. Early Life Stage Tests
                                                                                                                    2. Daphnia Tests
                                                                                                                      1. Acute Immobilization Test
                                                                                                                        1. Chronic Reproduction Test
                                                                                                                        2. Algae Tests
                                                                                                                          1. Growth Inhibition Test
                                                                                                                        3. Terrestrial Toxicity Tests
                                                                                                                          1. Earthworm Tests
                                                                                                                            1. Acute Toxicity Test
                                                                                                                              1. Reproduction Test
                                                                                                                              2. Plant Tests
                                                                                                                                1. Seed Germination Test
                                                                                                                                  1. Seedling Emergence Test
                                                                                                                                  2. Soil Microbial Tests
                                                                                                                                  3. Laboratory vs. Field Testing
                                                                                                                                    1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                      1. Mesocosm Studies
                                                                                                                                        1. Field Validation

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                                                                                                                                    8. Major Classes of Environmental Contaminants and Their Toxicology

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                                                                                                                                    10. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management