Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

9.

Ecotoxicology: Effects on Biological Systems

9.1.

Bioavailability of Contaminants

9.1.1.

Definition of Bioavailability

9.1.2.

Factors Affecting Bioavailability

9.1.2.1.

Chemical Speciation

9.1.2.2.

Environmental Conditions

9.1.2.3.

Organism Characteristics

9.1.3.

Measurement Methods

9.1.3.1.

Chemical Extraction Methods

9.1.3.2.

Biological Assays

9.1.3.3.

Modeling Approaches

9.2.

Bioaccumulation Processes

9.2.1.

Bioconcentration

9.2.1.1.

Bioconcentration Factor

9.2.2.

Bioaccumulation

9.2.2.1.

Bioaccumulation Factor

9.2.3.

Biomagnification

9.2.3.1.

Biomagnification Factor

9.2.4.

Trophic Transfer

9.2.4.1.

Food Web Dynamics

9.2.4.2.

Trophic Transfer Efficiency

9.2.5.

9.2.5.1.

Mercury in Aquatic Food Webs

9.2.5.2.

PCBs in Marine Ecosystems

9.3.

Biomarkers and Bioindicators

9.3.1.

Types of Biomarkers

9.3.1.1.

Biomarkers of Exposure

9.3.1.2.

Biomarkers of Effect

9.3.1.3.

Biomarkers of Susceptibility

9.3.2.

Molecular Biomarkers

9.3.2.1.

9.3.2.2.

Protein Adducts

9.3.2.3.

Gene Expression

9.3.3.

Biochemical Biomarkers

9.3.3.1.

Enzyme Activity

9.3.3.2.

Metabolite Levels

9.3.4.

Physiological Biomarkers

9.3.5.

Use in Environmental Monitoring

9.3.6.

Bioindicator Species

9.4.

Effects on Individuals and Populations

9.4.1.

9.4.1.1.

9.4.1.2.

9.4.2.

Chronic Toxicity

9.4.2.1.

Long-term Exposure Effects

9.4.2.2.

Cumulative Toxicity

9.4.3.

Sublethal Effects

9.4.3.1.

9.4.3.1.1.

9.4.3.1.2.

9.4.3.1.3.

Reproductive Success

9.4.3.2.

9.4.3.2.1.

9.4.3.2.2.

9.4.3.3.

9.4.3.3.1.

Feeding Behavior

9.4.3.3.2.

Mating Behavior

9.4.3.3.3.

Predator Avoidance

9.4.4.

Population-Level Effects

9.4.4.1.

Population Growth Rate

9.4.4.2.

9.4.4.3.

Genetic Diversity

9.5.

Effects on Communities and Ecosystems

9.5.1.

Changes in Species Diversity

9.5.1.1.

Species Richness

9.5.1.2.

Species Evenness

9.5.1.3.

Diversity Indices

9.5.2.

Disruption of Food Webs

9.5.2.1.

Predator-Prey Relationships

9.5.2.2.

9.5.3.

Alteration of Ecosystem Function

9.5.3.1.

Primary Productivity

9.5.3.2.

9.5.3.3.

Nutrient Cycling

9.5.4.

Community-Level Endpoints

9.5.4.1.

Community Structure

9.5.4.2.

Functional Groups

9.5.4.3.

Keystone Species Effects

9.6.

Ecotoxicological Testing Methods

9.6.1.

Aquatic Toxicity Tests

9.6.1.1.

9.6.1.1.1.

Acute Toxicity Tests

9.6.1.1.2.

Chronic Toxicity Tests

9.6.1.1.3.

Early Life Stage Tests

9.6.1.2.

9.6.1.2.1.

Acute Immobilization Test

9.6.1.2.2.

Chronic Reproduction Test

9.6.1.3.

9.6.1.3.1.

Growth Inhibition Test

9.6.2.

Terrestrial Toxicity Tests

9.6.2.1.

Earthworm Tests

9.6.2.1.1.

Acute Toxicity Test

9.6.2.1.2.

Reproduction Test

9.6.2.2.

9.6.2.2.1.

Seed Germination Test

9.6.2.2.2.

Seedling Emergence Test

9.6.2.3.

Soil Microbial Tests

9.6.3.

Laboratory vs. Field Testing

9.6.3.1.

Advantages and Limitations

9.6.3.2.

Mesocosm Studies

9.6.3.3.

Field Validation

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