Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

2.

Fundamental Chemical Principles in the Environment

2.1.

Chemical Thermodynamics and Equilibrium

2.1.1.

Laws of Thermodynamics

2.1.1.1.

First Law of Thermodynamics

2.1.1.2.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

2.1.1.3.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

2.1.2.

Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

2.1.3.

Chemical Potential

2.1.4.

Equilibrium Constants

2.1.4.1.

Acid Dissociation Constant

2.1.4.2.

Base Dissociation Constant

2.1.4.3.

Solubility Product Constant

2.1.4.4.

Complexation Constants

2.1.5.

Partition Coefficients

2.1.5.1.

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient

2.1.5.2.

Soil-Water Partition Coefficient

2.1.5.3.

Henry's Law Constant

2.1.5.4.

Bioconcentration Factor

2.1.6.

Phase Partitioning and Distribution

2.1.6.1.

Partitioning Between Phases

2.1.6.2.

Factors Affecting Partitioning

2.2.

Chemical Kinetics

2.2.1.

2.2.2.

Reaction Orders

2.2.2.1.

Zero-Order Reactions

2.2.2.2.

First-Order Reactions

2.2.2.3.

Second-Order Reactions

2.2.3.

2.2.4.

Half-life of Contaminants

2.2.5.

Temperature Effects on Reaction Rates

2.2.5.1.

Arrhenius Equation

2.2.6.

Catalysis in Environmental Reactions

2.2.6.1.

Homogeneous Catalysis

2.2.6.2.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

2.3.

Acid-Base Chemistry in Natural Waters

2.3.1.

2.3.2.

Redox Potential and Environment

2.3.3.

Carbonate System

2.3.3.1.

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

2.3.3.2.

Carbonate Equilibria

2.3.3.3.

Carbonate Buffering

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

Total Alkalinity

2.3.4.2.

Carbonate Alkalinity

2.3.5.

Buffering Capacity of Natural Waters

2.3.5.1.

Natural Buffers

2.3.5.2.

Anthropogenic Influences

2.4.

Oxidation-Reduction Chemistry

2.4.1.

Redox Potential

2.4.2.

Electron Acceptors in the Environment

2.4.2.1.

2.4.2.2.

2.4.2.3.

2.4.2.4.

2.4.2.5.

Manganese Oxides

2.4.3.

Electron Donors in the Environment

2.4.4.

Redox Processes in Water

2.4.5.

Redox Processes in Soil

2.4.6.

2.5.

Environmental Photochemistry

2.5.1.

Principles of Light Absorption

2.5.2.

Photolysis Mechanisms

2.5.2.1.

Direct Photolysis

2.5.2.2.

Indirect Photolysis

2.5.2.3.

Sensitized Photolysis

2.5.3.

Environmental Factors Affecting Photochemistry

2.5.3.1.

Solar Radiation Intensity

2.5.3.2.

Water Quality Parameters

2.5.3.3.

Seasonal Variations

2.5.4.

Formation of Photochemical Smog

2.5.4.1.

Role of Sunlight

2.5.4.2.

Role of Precursors

2.5.4.3.

Reaction Mechanisms

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