Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

11.

Environmental Remediation Technologies

11.1.

Site Characterization

11.1.1.

Contamination Assessment

11.1.2.

Hydrogeological Investigation

11.1.3.

Risk Assessment

11.2.

Physical Treatment Methods

11.2.1.

11.2.1.1.

Activated Carbon

11.2.1.1.1.

Granular Activated Carbon

11.2.1.1.2.

Powdered Activated Carbon

11.2.1.2.

Other Adsorbents

11.2.1.2.1.

11.2.1.2.2.

11.2.1.2.3.

11.2.2.

11.2.2.1.

Packed Tower Air Stripping

11.2.2.2.

Tray Tower Air Stripping

11.2.3.

Soil Vapor Extraction

11.2.3.1.

In-situ Soil Vapor Extraction

11.2.3.2.

Enhanced Soil Vapor Extraction

11.2.4.

11.2.4.1.

Sand Filtration

11.2.4.2.

Membrane Filtration

11.2.5.

Solidification and Stabilization

11.3.

Chemical Treatment Methods

11.3.1.

Chemical Oxidation

11.3.1.1.

Advanced Oxidation Processes

11.3.1.1.1.

11.3.1.1.2.

UV/Hydrogen Peroxide

11.3.1.1.3.

Fenton's Reagent

11.3.1.2.

In-situ Chemical Oxidation

11.3.2.

Chemical Reduction

11.3.2.1.

Zero-Valent Iron

11.3.2.2.

Chemical Reducing Agents

11.3.3.

11.3.3.1.

Acid Neutralization

11.3.3.2.

Base Neutralization

11.3.4.

11.3.4.1.

Metal Precipitation

11.3.4.2.

Coprecipitation

11.3.5.

11.4.

Biological Treatment Methods

11.4.1.

In-situ Bioremediation

11.4.1.1.

Natural Attenuation

11.4.1.2.

Enhanced Bioremediation

11.4.2.

Ex-situ Bioremediation

11.4.2.1.

11.4.2.2.

11.4.2.3.

11.4.3.

Bioaugmentation

11.4.3.1.

Microbial Inoculation

11.4.3.2.

Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

11.4.4.

11.4.4.1.

Nutrient Addition

11.4.4.2.

Electron Acceptor Addition

11.4.5.

Phytoremediation

11.4.5.1.

Phytoextraction

11.4.5.2.

Phytostabilization

11.4.5.3.

Phytodegradation

11.4.5.4.

Rhizofiltration

11.4.5.5.

Phytovolatilization

11.5.

Thermal Treatment Methods

11.5.1.

11.5.1.1.

Rotary Kiln Incineration

11.5.1.2.

Fluidized Bed Incineration

11.5.2.

Thermal Desorption

11.5.2.1.

Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption

11.5.2.2.

High-Temperature Thermal Desorption

11.5.3.

11.5.4.

11.6.

Selection and Evaluation of Remediation Technologies

11.6.1.

Site Assessment

11.6.1.1.

Contaminant Characteristics

11.6.1.2.

Site Conditions

11.6.1.3.

Regulatory Requirements

11.6.2.

Technology Screening

11.6.2.1.

11.6.2.2.

11.6.2.3.

Implementability

11.6.3.

11.6.3.1.

11.6.3.2.

Operating Costs

11.6.3.3.

Life-Cycle Costs

11.6.4.

Performance Monitoring

11.6.4.1.

Monitoring Parameters

11.6.4.2.

Sampling and Analysis

11.6.4.3.

Data Evaluation

11.6.5.

Regulatory Considerations

11.6.5.1.

Cleanup Standards

11.6.5.2.

Permit Requirements

11.6.5.3.

Stakeholder Acceptance

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10. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management

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1. Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology