Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

  1. The Hydrosphere: Aquatic Chemistry and Pollution
    1. Properties of Water
      1. Molecular Structure
        1. Physical Properties
          1. Polarity
            1. Hydrogen Bonding
              1. Solvent Properties
                1. Density Anomalies
                2. Water Cycle
                  1. Evaporation
                    1. Condensation
                      1. Precipitation
                        1. Infiltration
                          1. Runoff
                        2. Chemistry of Natural Waters
                          1. Types of Natural Waters
                            1. Freshwater Systems
                              1. Rivers
                                1. Lakes
                                  1. Streams
                                  2. Marine Water
                                    1. Groundwater
                                      1. Estuarine Water
                                      2. Dissolved Gases
                                        1. Oxygen
                                          1. Carbon Dioxide
                                            1. Nitrogen
                                              1. Hydrogen Sulfide
                                              2. Major Ions and Salinity
                                                1. Cations
                                                  1. Sodium
                                                    1. Potassium
                                                      1. Calcium
                                                        1. Magnesium
                                                        2. Anions
                                                          1. Chloride
                                                            1. Sulfate
                                                              1. Bicarbonate
                                                                1. Carbonate
                                                              2. The Carbonate System
                                                                1. Carbonic Acid Equilibria
                                                                  1. Role in pH Regulation
                                                                    1. Calcium Carbonate Saturation
                                                                    2. Trace Elements in Natural Waters
                                                                      1. Organic Matter in Natural Waters
                                                                      2. Water Pollution Sources
                                                                        1. Point Sources
                                                                          1. Industrial Discharges
                                                                            1. Wastewater Treatment Plants
                                                                              1. Combined Sewer Overflows
                                                                              2. Non-point Sources
                                                                                1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                  1. Urban Runoff
                                                                                    1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                      1. Septic Systems
                                                                                    2. Major Water Pollutants
                                                                                      1. Oxygen-Demanding Wastes
                                                                                        1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
                                                                                          1. Chemical Oxygen Demand
                                                                                            1. Dissolved Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                            2. Nutrients
                                                                                              1. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                  1. Nitrification
                                                                                                    1. Denitrification
                                                                                                    2. Phosphorus Cycle
                                                                                                      1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                        1. Cultural Eutrophication
                                                                                                          1. Natural Eutrophication
                                                                                                          2. Algal Blooms
                                                                                                            1. Harmful Algal Blooms
                                                                                                              1. Cyanobacterial Blooms
                                                                                                            2. Pathogens
                                                                                                              1. Bacteria
                                                                                                                1. Viruses
                                                                                                                  1. Protozoa
                                                                                                                    1. Helminths
                                                                                                                    2. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                      1. Sources and Pathways
                                                                                                                        1. Speciation in Water
                                                                                                                          1. Bioavailability
                                                                                                                            1. Effects on Aquatic Life
                                                                                                                            2. Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                              1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                1. Industrial Chemicals
                                                                                                                                  1. Pharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                                    1. Personal Care Products
                                                                                                                                    2. Thermal Pollution
                                                                                                                                      1. Sources
                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Effects
                                                                                                                                          1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                          2. Radioactive Pollutants
                                                                                                                                          3. Groundwater Chemistry and Contamination
                                                                                                                                            1. Aquifers
                                                                                                                                              1. Types of Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                1. Confined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Unconfined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                  2. Groundwater Flow
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydraulic Conductivity
                                                                                                                                                    2. Groundwater Quality
                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural Groundwater Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                        1. Water-Rock Interactions
                                                                                                                                                        2. Contaminant Plumes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Plume Formation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Plume Migration
                                                                                                                                                              1. Attenuation Processes
                                                                                                                                                              2. Leachates from Landfills
                                                                                                                                                                1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Impact
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Containment Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Saltwater Intrusion

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                                                                                                                                                                  3. The Atmosphere: Chemistry and Pollution

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                                                                                                                                                                  5. The Geosphere: Soil and Sediment Chemistry