Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

  1. Fundamental Principles of Toxicology
    1. Basic Concepts in Toxicology
      1. Definition of Toxicology
        1. Paracelsus Principle
          1. Types of Toxicity
            1. Acute Toxicity
              1. Subacute Toxicity
                1. Subchronic Toxicity
                  1. Chronic Toxicity
                2. The Dose-Response Relationship
                  1. Definitions of Dose and Exposure
                    1. Administered Dose
                      1. Absorbed Dose
                        1. Internal Dose
                          1. Biologically Effective Dose
                          2. The Dose-Response Curve
                            1. Sigmoid Curve
                              1. Linear Curve
                                1. Threshold Models
                                  1. Non-threshold Models
                                  2. Threshold vs. Non-Threshold Effects
                                    1. Effective Dose 50
                                      1. Toxic Dose 50
                                        1. Lethal Dose 50
                                          1. No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
                                            1. Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
                                              1. Benchmark Dose
                                              2. Toxicokinetics
                                                1. Absorption
                                                  1. Routes of Exposure
                                                    1. Inhalation
                                                      1. Ingestion
                                                        1. Dermal Absorption
                                                          1. Injection
                                                          2. Factors Affecting Absorption
                                                          3. Distribution
                                                            1. Transport in Blood
                                                              1. Tissue Distribution
                                                                1. Storage in Tissues
                                                                  1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                    1. Placental Transfer
                                                                    2. Metabolism
                                                                      1. Phase I Reactions
                                                                        1. Oxidation
                                                                          1. Reduction
                                                                            1. Hydrolysis
                                                                              1. Dealkylation
                                                                              2. Phase II Reactions
                                                                                1. Conjugation
                                                                                  1. Glucuronidation
                                                                                    1. Sulfation
                                                                                      1. Acetylation
                                                                                      2. Factors Affecting Metabolism
                                                                                      3. Excretion
                                                                                        1. Renal Excretion
                                                                                          1. Biliary Excretion
                                                                                            1. Pulmonary Excretion
                                                                                              1. Other Routes
                                                                                            2. Toxicodynamics
                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Toxicity
                                                                                                1. Molecular Targets
                                                                                                  1. DNA
                                                                                                    1. Proteins
                                                                                                      1. Lipids
                                                                                                        1. Cellular Membranes
                                                                                                        2. Cellular Responses to Toxicants
                                                                                                          1. Cell Death
                                                                                                            1. Necrosis
                                                                                                              1. Apoptosis
                                                                                                              2. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                1. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                                                  1. Receptor Interactions
                                                                                                                2. Organ-Specific Toxicity
                                                                                                                  1. Hepatotoxicity
                                                                                                                    1. Nephrotoxicity
                                                                                                                      1. Neurotoxicity
                                                                                                                        1. Pulmonary Toxicity
                                                                                                                          1. Cardiotoxicity
                                                                                                                            1. Reproductive Toxicity
                                                                                                                          2. Factors Influencing Toxicity
                                                                                                                            1. Species Differences
                                                                                                                              1. Age and Gender
                                                                                                                                1. Nutritional Status
                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Factors
                                                                                                                                    1. Disease States
                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Interactions
                                                                                                                                        1. Synergism
                                                                                                                                          1. Antagonism
                                                                                                                                            1. Additivity
                                                                                                                                              1. Potentiation

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                                                                                                                                          6. Fate and Transport of Environmental Contaminants

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                                                                                                                                          8. Major Classes of Environmental Contaminants and Their Toxicology