Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

5.

The Geosphere: Soil and Sediment Chemistry

5.1.

Soil Composition and Formation

5.1.1.

Mineral Components

5.1.1.1.

Primary Minerals

5.1.1.1.1.

5.1.1.1.2.

5.1.1.1.3.

5.1.1.2.

Secondary Minerals

5.1.1.2.1.

5.1.1.2.2.

5.1.1.2.3.

Aluminum Oxides

5.1.2.

Soil Organic Matter

5.1.2.1.

Humic Substances

5.1.2.1.1.

5.1.2.1.2.

5.1.2.1.3.

5.1.2.2.

Non-humic Substances

5.1.2.2.1.

5.1.2.2.2.

5.1.2.2.3.

5.1.3.

5.1.3.1.

5.1.3.2.

5.1.3.3.

5.1.3.4.

5.1.3.5.

5.1.3.6.

5.1.4.

Soil Formation Processes

5.1.4.1.

5.1.4.1.1.

Physical Weathering

5.1.4.1.2.

Chemical Weathering

5.1.4.1.3.

Biological Weathering

5.1.4.2.

Organic Matter Accumulation

5.1.4.3.

5.1.4.4.

5.2.

Physical Properties of Soil

5.2.1.

5.2.2.

5.2.3.

Porosity and Permeability

5.2.4.

Water Holding Capacity

5.3.

Chemical Processes in Soil

5.3.1.

Cation Exchange Capacity

5.3.1.1.

5.3.1.2.

Factors Affecting CEC

5.3.1.3.

Importance for Nutrient Retention

5.3.2.

Anion Exchange Capacity

5.3.3.

Soil pH and Buffering

5.3.3.1.

Factors Affecting Soil pH

5.3.3.2.

Buffering Mechanisms

5.3.3.3.

5.3.4.

Sorption and Desorption of Contaminants

5.3.4.1.

Adsorption Mechanisms

5.3.4.1.1.

Physical Adsorption

5.3.4.1.2.

Chemical Adsorption

5.3.4.2.

Desorption Processes

5.3.4.3.

Factors Affecting Sorption

5.3.4.3.1.

Soil Properties

5.3.4.3.2.

Contaminant Properties

5.3.4.3.3.

Environmental Conditions

5.3.5.

Complexation Reactions

5.3.6.

Precipitation and Dissolution

5.4.

Soil and Sediment Contamination

5.4.1.

Sources of Soil Pollution

5.4.1.1.

Agricultural Chemicals

5.4.1.1.1.

5.4.1.1.2.

5.4.1.2.

Industrial Activities

5.4.1.2.1.

5.4.1.2.2.

5.4.1.2.3.

Petroleum Products

5.4.1.3.

5.4.1.3.1.

5.4.1.3.2.

Hazardous Waste Sites

5.4.1.4.

Atmospheric Deposition

5.4.2.

Behavior of Pollutants in the Subsurface

5.4.2.1.

Mobility Factors

5.4.2.2.

Persistence Factors

5.4.2.3.

Transformation Processes

5.4.3.

Contaminant Transport in Soil

5.4.3.1.

5.4.3.2.

5.4.3.3.

5.4.3.4.

5.5.

Sediment Chemistry

5.5.1.

Sediment Formation

5.5.2.

Sediment-Water Interface

5.5.3.

5.5.4.

Contaminant Interactions with Sediments

Previous

4. The Hydrosphere: Aquatic Chemistry and Pollution

Go to top

Next

6. Fate and Transport of Environmental Contaminants