Cell Biology

  1. Cellular Energetics and Metabolism
    1. Thermodynamics in Biology
      1. Laws of Thermodynamics
        1. First Law
          1. Energy Conservation
          2. Second Law
            1. Entropy and Biological Systems
          3. Free Energy
            1. Gibbs Free Energy
              1. Exergonic Reactions
                1. Endergonic Reactions
                  1. Coupling of Reactions
                  2. ATP as Energy Currency
                    1. ATP Structure
                      1. ATP Hydrolysis
                        1. ATP Synthesis
                          1. Energy Coupling Mechanisms
                        2. Enzymes and Catalysis
                          1. Enzyme Structure and Function
                            1. Active Sites
                              1. Enzyme-Substrate Interactions
                                1. Induced Fit Model
                                2. Enzyme Kinetics
                                  1. Reaction Rates
                                    1. Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
                                      1. Km and Vmax
                                        1. Competitive Inhibition
                                          1. Noncompetitive Inhibition
                                          2. Enzyme Regulation
                                            1. Allosteric Regulation
                                              1. Positive Effectors
                                                1. Negative Effectors
                                                2. Covalent Modification
                                                  1. Phosphorylation
                                                    1. Methylation
                                                      1. Acetylation
                                                      2. Feedback Inhibition
                                                        1. Enzyme Induction and Repression
                                                      3. Cellular Respiration
                                                        1. Overview of Glucose Catabolism
                                                          1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                            1. Energy Yield
                                                              1. Regulation
                                                              2. Glycolysis
                                                                1. Preparatory Phase
                                                                  1. Payoff Phase
                                                                    1. Net ATP Production
                                                                      1. NADH Generation
                                                                        1. Regulation of Glycolysis
                                                                        2. Pyruvate Processing
                                                                          1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
                                                                            1. Acetyl-CoA Formation
                                                                              1. Regulation
                                                                              2. Citric Acid Cycle
                                                                                1. Cycle Steps and Intermediates
                                                                                  1. Energy Capture
                                                                                    1. NADH Production
                                                                                      1. FADH2 Production
                                                                                        1. GTP Production
                                                                                        2. Anaplerotic Reactions
                                                                                          1. Regulation
                                                                                          2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                            1. Complex I
                                                                                              1. Complex II
                                                                                                1. Complex III
                                                                                                  1. Complex IV
                                                                                                    1. Electron Flow
                                                                                                      1. Proton Pumping
                                                                                                      2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                        1. Chemiosmotic Theory
                                                                                                          1. Proton-Motive Force
                                                                                                            1. ATP Synthase Structure and Function
                                                                                                              1. P/O Ratios
                                                                                                              2. Alternative Pathways
                                                                                                                1. Fermentation
                                                                                                                  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                                                                                                    1. Alcoholic Fermentation
                                                                                                                    2. Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                                                                      1. Alternative Electron Acceptors
                                                                                                                  2. Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                    1. Overview of Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                      1. Light Reactions
                                                                                                                        1. Dark Reactions
                                                                                                                          1. Overall Equation
                                                                                                                          2. Light-Dependent Reactions
                                                                                                                            1. Photosystem Structure
                                                                                                                              1. Photosystem II
                                                                                                                                1. Water Splitting
                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Evolution
                                                                                                                                  2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                    1. Plastoquinone
                                                                                                                                      1. Cytochrome b6f Complex
                                                                                                                                        1. Plastocyanin
                                                                                                                                        2. Photosystem I
                                                                                                                                          1. NADPH Production
                                                                                                                                          2. Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                            1. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                              1. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                            2. Calvin Cycle
                                                                                                                                              1. Carbon Fixation
                                                                                                                                                1. RuBisCO Function
                                                                                                                                                2. Reduction Phase
                                                                                                                                                  1. NADPH Utilization
                                                                                                                                                  2. Regeneration Phase
                                                                                                                                                    1. RuBP Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                  3. Alternative Photosynthetic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                    1. C4 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                      1. PEP Carboxylase
                                                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Separation
                                                                                                                                                        2. CAM Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Temporal Separation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                        3. Metabolic Integration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Anabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                            1. Gluconeogenesis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fatty Acid Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                1. Amino Acid Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                2. Metabolic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Allosteric Control
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Compartmentalization

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                                                                                                                                                                  4. Membrane Structure and Transport

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                                                                                                                                                                  6. Cell Communication and Signal Transduction