Cell Biology

2.

Chemical Foundations of Cell Biology

2.1.

Basic Chemistry for Cell Biology

2.1.1.

Atomic Structure and Bonding

2.1.1.1.

Elements Essential for Life

2.1.1.2.

Chemical Bond Types

2.1.1.2.1.

2.1.1.2.2.

2.1.1.2.3.

2.1.1.2.4.

Van der Waals Forces

2.1.2.

Water and Its Biological Properties

2.1.2.1.

Molecular Structure and Polarity

2.1.2.2.

Hydrogen Bonding in Water

2.1.2.3.

Cohesion and Adhesion

2.1.2.4.

Solvent Properties

2.1.2.5.

pH and Buffer Systems

2.1.2.5.1.

Acid-Base Chemistry

2.1.2.5.2.

Biological Buffer Systems

2.2.

Small Molecules in Cells

2.2.1.

2.2.1.1.

Monosaccharides

2.2.1.1.1.

Structure and Stereochemistry

2.2.1.1.2.

Common Monosaccharides

2.2.1.2.

2.2.1.2.1.

Glycosidic Bonds

2.2.1.2.2.

Common Disaccharides

2.2.1.3.

Oligosaccharides

2.2.1.3.1.

Structure and Function

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

2.2.2.1.1.

Saturated Fatty Acids

2.2.2.1.2.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

2.2.2.1.3.

Essential Fatty Acids

2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.1.

Structure and Formation

2.2.2.2.2.

Energy Storage Function

2.2.3.

2.2.3.1.

Basic Structure

2.2.3.2.

Side Chain Classifications

2.2.3.2.1.

Nonpolar Side Chains

2.2.3.2.2.

Polar Uncharged Side Chains

2.2.3.2.3.

Charged Side Chains

2.2.3.3.

Essential vs Nonessential Amino Acids

2.2.4.

2.2.4.1.

2.2.4.1.1.

Nitrogenous Bases

2.2.4.1.2.

2.2.4.1.3.

Phosphate Groups

2.2.4.2.

Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

2.2.4.3.

Nucleoside vs Nucleotide

2.3.

Biological Macromolecules

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1.

Polysaccharides

2.3.1.1.1.

Storage Polysaccharides

2.3.1.1.1.1.

2.3.1.1.1.2.

2.3.1.1.2.

Structural Polysaccharides

2.3.1.1.2.1.

2.3.1.1.2.2.

2.3.1.2.

Glycoconjugates

2.3.1.2.1.

2.3.1.2.2.

2.3.2.

2.3.2.1.

Membrane Lipids

2.3.2.1.1.

2.3.2.1.2.

2.3.2.1.3.

2.3.2.2.

2.3.2.2.1.

Triacylglycerols

2.3.2.3.

Signaling Lipids

2.3.2.3.1.

Steroid Hormones

2.3.2.3.2.

2.3.3.

2.3.3.1.

Protein Structure Hierarchy

2.3.3.1.1.

Primary Structure

2.3.3.1.1.1.

Amino Acid Sequence

2.3.3.1.1.2.

2.3.3.1.2.

Secondary Structure

2.3.3.1.2.1.

2.3.3.1.2.2.

2.3.3.1.2.3.

Turns and Loops

2.3.3.1.3.

Tertiary Structure

2.3.3.1.3.1.

Folding Patterns

2.3.3.1.3.2.

Stabilizing Forces

2.3.3.1.4.

Quaternary Structure

2.3.3.1.4.1.

Protein Complexes

2.3.3.1.4.2.

Subunit Interactions

2.3.3.2.

Protein Folding

2.3.3.2.1.

Folding Pathways

2.3.3.2.2.

Molecular Chaperones

2.3.3.2.3.

Protein Misfolding Diseases

2.3.3.3.

Protein Function Categories

2.3.3.3.1.

2.3.3.3.2.

Structural Proteins

2.3.3.3.3.

Transport Proteins

2.3.3.3.4.

Storage Proteins

2.3.3.3.5.

Hormonal Proteins

2.3.3.3.6.

Receptor Proteins

2.3.3.3.7.

Contractile Proteins

2.3.3.3.8.

Defensive Proteins

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

2.3.4.1.1.

Double Helix Model

2.3.4.1.2.

Base Pairing Rules

2.3.4.1.3.

Major and Minor Grooves

2.3.4.1.4.

2.3.4.2.

2.3.4.2.1.

Single-Strand Structure

2.3.4.2.2.

Secondary Structure Elements

2.3.4.2.3.

2.3.4.2.3.1.

2.3.4.2.3.2.

2.3.4.2.3.3.

2.3.4.2.3.4.

Regulatory RNAs

2.3.4.3.

Nucleic Acid Chemistry

2.3.4.3.1.

Phosphodiester Bonds

2.3.4.3.2.

5' to 3' Directionality

2.3.4.3.3.

Chemical Modifications

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1. Introduction to Cell Biology

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3. Cell Structure and Organization