Cell Biology

  1. Cell Structure and Organization
    1. Prokaryotic Cell Architecture
      1. Cell Envelope
        1. Cell Wall
          1. Peptidoglycan Structure
            1. Gram-Positive Cell Walls
              1. Gram-Negative Cell Walls
              2. Plasma Membrane
                1. Lipid Composition
                  1. Membrane Proteins
                  2. Outer Membrane
                    1. Lipopolysaccharides
                      1. Porins
                    2. Cytoplasm Organization
                      1. Nucleoid Region
                        1. DNA Organization
                          1. DNA-Binding Proteins
                          2. Ribosomes
                            1. 70S Ribosome Structure
                              1. Polyribosomes
                              2. Inclusion Bodies
                                1. Storage Granules
                                  1. Gas Vesicles
                                2. Appendages and Surface Structures
                                  1. Flagella
                                    1. Structure and Assembly
                                      1. Motility Mechanisms
                                      2. Pili
                                        1. Conjugative Pili
                                          1. Attachment Pili
                                          2. Capsules and Slime Layers
                                            1. Composition and Function
                                          3. Plasmids
                                            1. Structure and Replication
                                              1. Types and Functions
                                            2. Eukaryotic Cell Organization
                                              1. Compartmentalization Principles
                                                1. Membrane-Bound Organelles
                                                  1. Functional Specialization
                                                    1. Intracellular Transport
                                                    2. Plant vs Animal Cell Differences
                                                      1. Unique Plant Cell Features
                                                        1. Cell Wall
                                                          1. Chloroplasts
                                                            1. Large Central Vacuole
                                                            2. Unique Animal Cell Features
                                                              1. Centrioles
                                                                1. Lysosomes
                                                            3. The Nucleus
                                                              1. Nuclear Envelope
                                                                1. Double Membrane System
                                                                  1. Nuclear Pores
                                                                    1. Nuclear Pore Complex Structure
                                                                      1. Nuclear Transport Mechanisms
                                                                    2. Nuclear Interior
                                                                      1. Nucleoplasm
                                                                        1. Chromatin Organization
                                                                          1. Euchromatin
                                                                            1. Heterochromatin
                                                                              1. Chromosome Territories
                                                                              2. Nucleolus
                                                                                1. Ribosomal RNA Synthesis
                                                                                  1. Ribosome Assembly
                                                                                2. Nuclear Functions
                                                                                  1. DNA Replication
                                                                                    1. Transcription
                                                                                      1. RNA Processing
                                                                                    2. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
                                                                                      1. Ribosome Structure
                                                                                        1. Large Subunit
                                                                                          1. Small Subunit
                                                                                            1. Ribosomal RNA
                                                                                              1. Ribosomal Proteins
                                                                                              2. Ribosome Types and Locations
                                                                                                1. Free Ribosomes
                                                                                                  1. Cytosolic Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                  2. Bound Ribosomes
                                                                                                    1. ER-Bound Ribosomes
                                                                                                      1. Secretory Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                    2. Polyribosomes
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                    3. Endomembrane System
                                                                                                      1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                                                                        1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                                                                          1. Ribosome Binding
                                                                                                            1. Protein Synthesis and Modification
                                                                                                              1. Quality Control Mechanisms
                                                                                                              2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                                                                                1. Lipid Synthesis
                                                                                                                  1. Steroid Hormone Production
                                                                                                                    1. Detoxification Processes
                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Storage
                                                                                                                    2. Golgi Apparatus
                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Organization
                                                                                                                        1. Cis Face
                                                                                                                          1. Medial Cisternae
                                                                                                                            1. Trans Face
                                                                                                                            2. Functions
                                                                                                                              1. Protein Modification
                                                                                                                                1. Protein Sorting
                                                                                                                                  1. Vesicle Formation
                                                                                                                                2. Lysosomes
                                                                                                                                  1. Formation and Structure
                                                                                                                                    1. Digestive Functions
                                                                                                                                      1. Autophagy
                                                                                                                                        1. Heterophagy
                                                                                                                                        2. Lysosomal Enzymes
                                                                                                                                          1. Acid Hydrolases
                                                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Targeting
                                                                                                                                          2. Peroxisomes
                                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Biogenesis
                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Functions
                                                                                                                                                1. Fatty Acid Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                    1. Photorespiration
                                                                                                                                                  2. Vacuoles
                                                                                                                                                    1. Plant Cell Central Vacuole
                                                                                                                                                      1. Turgor Pressure Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                        1. Storage Functions
                                                                                                                                                        2. Contractile Vacuoles
                                                                                                                                                          1. Osmoregulation
                                                                                                                                                      2. Energy-Converting Organelles
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitochondria
                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                            1. Outer Membrane
                                                                                                                                                              1. Inner Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                1. Intermembrane Space
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cristae
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cellular Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                        1. ATP Production
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mitochondrial Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mitochondrial DNA
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Maternal Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endosymbiotic Origin
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chloroplasts
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Outer Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inner Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thylakoid System
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stroma
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grana
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbon Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Starch Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Chloroplast Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chloroplast DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Endosymbiotic Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Cytoskeleton
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Microfilaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Actin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Actin Polymerization
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Shape Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Muscle Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Intermediate Filaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Types and Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanical Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nuclear Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Microtubules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tubulin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microtubule Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Centrosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Microtubule-Organizing Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intracellular Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cilia and Flagella
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Motor Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Myosin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Actin-Based Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Kinesin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plus-End Directed Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dynein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Minus-End Directed Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Cell Surface and Extracellular Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Extracellular Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Elastin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fibronectin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Laminin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structural Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Adhesion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cell Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tight Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Barrier Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Paracellular Transport Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Adherens Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell-Cell Adhesion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cadherin-Based Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Desmosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intermediate Filament Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intercellular Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Small Molecule Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Plasmodesmata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plant Cell Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cytoplasmic Continuity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Foundations of Cell Biology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Membrane Structure and Transport