Biostatistics

9.

Bias and Confounding

9.1.

9.1.1.

Definition and Types

9.1.2.

9.1.3.

9.1.4.

Loss to Follow-up Bias

9.1.5.

9.1.6.

Prevention and Control Methods

9.2.

Information Bias

9.2.1.

Measurement Error

9.2.1.1.

Random vs Systematic Error

9.2.1.2.

Differential vs Non-Differential Misclassification

9.2.2.

9.2.2.1.

Definition and Examples

9.2.2.2.

Prevention Strategies

9.2.3.

9.2.3.1.

Definition and Examples

9.2.3.2.

Blinding as Prevention

9.2.4.

9.2.4.1.

Social Desirability Bias

9.2.4.2.

9.3.

9.3.1.

Definition and Criteria

9.3.2.

Identifying Confounders

9.3.2.1.

Causal Diagrams

9.3.2.2.

Statistical Associations

9.3.3.

Effects on Measures of Association

9.3.3.1.

Positive Confounding

9.3.3.2.

Negative Confounding

9.3.4.

Control Methods in Design

9.3.4.1.

9.3.4.2.

9.3.4.3.

9.3.5.

Control Methods in Analysis

9.3.5.1.

9.3.5.2.

Standardization

9.3.5.3.

Multivariable Modeling

9.4.

Effect Modification

9.4.1.

Definition and Distinction from Confounding

9.4.2.

Identifying Effect Modification

9.4.3.

Statistical Testing for Interaction

9.4.4.

Reporting and Interpretation

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8. Study Design Types

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10. Statistical Inference