Biostatistics

21.

Results Interpretation and Communication

21.1.

Statistical vs Clinical Significance

21.1.1.

P-Value Interpretation

21.1.1.1.

Common Misinterpretations

21.1.1.2.

Statistical Significance Limitations

21.1.2.

Effect Size Importance

21.1.2.1.

Magnitude of Effects

21.1.2.2.

Clinical Relevance

21.1.3.

Confidence Interval Interpretation

21.1.3.1.

Precision of Estimates

21.1.3.2.

Range of Plausible Values

21.2.

Presenting Statistical Results

21.2.1.

Tables and Figures

21.2.1.1.

Table Design Principles

21.2.1.2.

Figure Selection and Design

21.2.1.3.

Clarity and Completeness

21.2.2.

Text Presentation

21.2.2.1.

Statistical Notation

21.2.2.2.

Precision and Accuracy

21.2.2.3.

Avoiding Overinterpretation

21.2.3.

Uncertainty Communication

21.2.3.1.

Confidence Intervals

21.2.3.2.

P-Value Reporting

21.2.3.3.

Limitations Discussion

21.3.

Reporting Guidelines

21.3.1.

CONSORT Statement

21.3.1.1.

Randomized Trial Reporting

21.3.1.2.

Flow Diagram Requirements

21.3.1.3.

Checklist Items

21.3.2.

STROBE Statement

21.3.2.1.

Observational Study Reporting

21.3.2.2.

Study Design Specification

21.3.2.3.

Results Presentation

21.3.3.

PRISMA Statement

21.3.3.1.

Systematic Review Reporting

21.3.3.2.

Search Strategy Documentation

21.3.3.3.

Study Selection Process

21.4.

Common Interpretation Errors

21.4.1.

Correlation vs Causation

21.4.1.1.

Temporal Relationships

21.4.1.2.

Confounding Variables

21.4.1.3.

Biological Plausibility

21.4.2.

Multiple Testing Issues

21.4.2.1.

Inflated Type I Error

21.4.2.2.

Correction Methods

21.4.2.3.

Selective Reporting

21.4.3.

Subgroup Analysis Pitfalls

21.4.3.1.

Post-Hoc Analyses

21.4.3.2.

Multiple Comparisons

21.4.3.3.

Interaction Testing

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