Biostatistics

  1. Study Design Types
    1. Observational Studies
      1. Descriptive Studies
        1. Case Reports
          1. Definition and Purpose
            1. Strengths and Limitations
            2. Case Series
              1. Definition and Purpose
                1. Strengths and Limitations
                2. Cross-Sectional Studies
                  1. Definition and Design
                    1. Prevalence Estimation
                      1. Strengths and Limitations
                        1. Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies
                      2. Analytical Studies
                        1. Cohort Studies
                          1. Prospective Cohort Design
                            1. Definition and Implementation
                              1. Exposure Assessment
                                1. Outcome Measurement
                                  1. Follow-up Procedures
                                    1. Strengths and Limitations
                                    2. Retrospective Cohort Design
                                      1. Definition and Implementation
                                        1. Data Sources
                                          1. Strengths and Limitations
                                          2. Cohort Selection
                                            1. Exposed vs Unexposed Groups
                                              1. Comparability Issues
                                            2. Case-Control Studies
                                              1. Definition and Design
                                                1. Case Definition and Selection
                                                  1. Control Selection
                                                    1. Population Controls
                                                      1. Hospital Controls
                                                        1. Matched Controls
                                                        2. Matching Strategies
                                                          1. Individual Matching
                                                            1. Frequency Matching
                                                              1. Overmatching Concerns
                                                              2. Exposure Assessment
                                                                1. Strengths and Limitations
                                                              3. Ecological Studies
                                                                1. Definition and Design
                                                                  1. Group-Level vs Individual-Level Data
                                                                    1. Ecological Fallacy
                                                                      1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                    2. Experimental Studies
                                                                      1. Randomized Controlled Trials
                                                                        1. Basic Principles
                                                                          1. Randomization
                                                                            1. Control Groups
                                                                              1. Blinding
                                                                              2. Types of Randomization
                                                                                1. Simple Randomization
                                                                                  1. Block Randomization
                                                                                    1. Stratified Randomization
                                                                                      1. Adaptive Randomization
                                                                                      2. Blinding Strategies
                                                                                        1. Single-Blind Design
                                                                                          1. Double-Blind Design
                                                                                            1. Triple-Blind Design
                                                                                              1. Challenges in Blinding
                                                                                              2. Control Group Types
                                                                                                1. Placebo Control
                                                                                                  1. Active Control
                                                                                                    1. No-Treatment Control
                                                                                                      1. Historical Control
                                                                                                      2. Trial Designs
                                                                                                        1. Parallel Group Design
                                                                                                          1. Crossover Design
                                                                                                            1. Factorial Design
                                                                                                              1. Cluster Randomized Trials
                                                                                                              2. Allocation Concealment
                                                                                                                1. Methods and Importance
                                                                                                                  1. Preventing Selection Bias
                                                                                                                2. Quasi-Experimental Designs
                                                                                                                  1. Non-Randomized Controlled Trials
                                                                                                                    1. Definition and Applications
                                                                                                                      1. Limitations and Biases
                                                                                                                      2. Before-After Studies
                                                                                                                        1. Design and Implementation
                                                                                                                          1. Threats to Validity
                                                                                                                          2. Interrupted Time Series
                                                                                                                            1. Design and Analysis
                                                                                                                              1. Applications in Policy Evaluation

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                                                                                                                        7. Sampling Methods and Study Design

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                                                                                                                        9. Bias and Confounding