Biostatistics

  1. Sampling Methods and Study Design
    1. Population and Sampling Concepts
      1. Target Population
        1. Definition and Specification
          1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
          2. Sampling Frame
            1. Definition and Construction
              1. Coverage and Representation Issues
              2. Sample vs Population
                1. Sampling vs Census
                  1. Representativeness
                2. Probability Sampling Methods
                  1. Simple Random Sampling
                    1. Definition and Procedure
                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                        1. Implementation Methods
                        2. Systematic Sampling
                          1. Definition and Procedure
                            1. Sampling Interval Selection
                              1. Potential Biases
                              2. Stratified Sampling
                                1. Definition and Rationale
                                  1. Stratification Variables
                                    1. Proportional Allocation
                                      1. Optimal Allocation
                                      2. Cluster Sampling
                                        1. Definition and Rationale
                                          1. Single-Stage Clustering
                                            1. Multi-Stage Clustering
                                              1. Intracluster Correlation
                                            2. Non-Probability Sampling Methods
                                              1. Convenience Sampling
                                                1. Definition and Applications
                                                  1. Limitations and Biases
                                                  2. Purposive Sampling
                                                    1. Definition and Applications
                                                      1. Expert Judgment Sampling
                                                      2. Quota Sampling
                                                        1. Definition and Implementation
                                                          1. Comparison to Stratified Sampling
                                                        2. Sample Size Determination
                                                          1. Factors Affecting Sample Size
                                                            1. Effect Size
                                                              1. Significance Level
                                                                1. Statistical Power
                                                                  1. Variability
                                                                  2. Sample Size Formulas
                                                                    1. For Means
                                                                      1. For Proportions
                                                                        1. For Comparing Groups
                                                                        2. Power Analysis
                                                                          1. Prospective Power Analysis
                                                                            1. Retrospective Power Analysis
                                                                            2. Adjustments for Design Effects
                                                                              1. Clustering Effects
                                                                                1. Stratification Effects
                                                                                  1. Attrition and Non-Response

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                                                                              6. Probability Distributions

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                                                                              8. Study Design Types