Bioreactor Design and Operation

  1. Specialized Bioreactor Systems
    1. Air-Lift Bioreactors
      1. Design Principles
        1. Draft Tube Configuration
          1. Gas-Liquid Circulation
            1. Mixing Mechanisms
            2. Types of Air-Lift Reactors
              1. Internal Loop Reactors
                1. External Loop Reactors
                  1. Split-Cylinder Reactors
                  2. Performance Characteristics
                    1. Mass Transfer Properties
                      1. Mixing Efficiency
                        1. Power Consumption
                        2. Applications
                          1. Shear-Sensitive Cultures
                            1. High Oxygen Demand Processes
                              1. Wastewater Treatment
                            2. Bubble Column Bioreactors
                              1. Design Features
                                1. Column Geometry
                                  1. Gas Distribution System
                                    1. Liquid Circulation
                                    2. Hydrodynamics
                                      1. Bubble Size Distribution
                                        1. Gas Holdup
                                          1. Liquid Velocity Profiles
                                          2. Mass Transfer Characteristics
                                            1. Gas-Liquid Interface Area
                                              1. Mass Transfer Coefficients
                                                1. Oxygen Transfer Efficiency
                                                2. Applications
                                                  1. Aerobic Fermentations
                                                    1. Algae Cultivation
                                                      1. Biogas Production
                                                    2. Packed Bed Bioreactors
                                                      1. Packing Materials
                                                        1. Inert Supports
                                                          1. Biocompatible Materials
                                                            1. Surface Area Considerations
                                                            2. Immobilization Methods
                                                              1. Physical Entrapment
                                                                1. Chemical Attachment
                                                                  1. Biofilm Formation
                                                                  2. Flow Patterns
                                                                    1. Upflow Operation
                                                                      1. Downflow Operation
                                                                        1. Recirculation Systems
                                                                        2. Applications
                                                                          1. Immobilized Enzyme Systems
                                                                            1. Biofilm Processes
                                                                              1. Continuous Production
                                                                            2. Fluidized Bed Bioreactors
                                                                              1. Fluidization Principles
                                                                                1. Minimum Fluidization Velocity
                                                                                  1. Particle Suspension
                                                                                    1. Bed Expansion
                                                                                    2. Particle Characteristics
                                                                                      1. Size Distribution
                                                                                        1. Density Properties
                                                                                          1. Surface Properties
                                                                                          2. Applications
                                                                                            1. Immobilized Cell Systems
                                                                                              1. Biofilm Reactors
                                                                                                1. Three-Phase Systems
                                                                                              2. Membrane Bioreactors
                                                                                                1. Membrane Types
                                                                                                  1. Microfiltration Membranes
                                                                                                    1. Ultrafiltration Membranes
                                                                                                      1. Hollow Fiber Membranes
                                                                                                        1. Flat Sheet Membranes
                                                                                                        2. Separation Mechanisms
                                                                                                          1. Size Exclusion
                                                                                                            1. Selective Permeability
                                                                                                              1. Concentration Gradients
                                                                                                              2. Applications
                                                                                                                1. Cell Retention Systems
                                                                                                                  1. Product Recovery
                                                                                                                    1. Perfusion Cultures
                                                                                                                  2. Photobioreactors
                                                                                                                    1. Light Delivery Systems
                                                                                                                      1. External Illumination
                                                                                                                        1. Internal Light Sources
                                                                                                                          1. Light Distribution
                                                                                                                            1. Light Intensity Control
                                                                                                                            2. Reactor Configurations
                                                                                                                              1. Tubular Reactors
                                                                                                                                1. Flat Panel Reactors
                                                                                                                                  1. Column Reactors
                                                                                                                                  2. Applications
                                                                                                                                    1. Microalgae Cultivation
                                                                                                                                      1. Cyanobacteria Growth
                                                                                                                                        1. Photosynthetic Processes
                                                                                                                                      2. Single-Use Bioreactors
                                                                                                                                        1. Design Features
                                                                                                                                          1. Disposable Components
                                                                                                                                            1. Bag Materials
                                                                                                                                              1. Support Structures
                                                                                                                                                1. Mixing Systems
                                                                                                                                                2. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                  1. Reduced Cleaning Requirements
                                                                                                                                                    1. Lower Contamination Risk
                                                                                                                                                      1. Faster Turnaround
                                                                                                                                                        1. Reduced Validation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                          1. Scale Limitations
                                                                                                                                                            1. Material Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cost Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Waste Generation
                                                                                                                                                                2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process Development
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multi-Product Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wave-Mixed Bioreactors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mixing Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rocking Motion
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wave Generation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gentle Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Design Variations
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rocking Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Orbital Shakers
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Bags
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seed Train
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Development

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                                                                                                                                                                                    8. Scale-Up and Scale-Down

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                                                                                                                                                                                    10. Downstream Processing Interface