Bioreactor Design and Operation

3.

Mass Transfer in Bioreactors

3.1.

Fundamental Principles

3.1.1.

Molecular Diffusion

3.1.1.1.

3.1.1.2.

Diffusion Coefficients

3.1.1.3.

Concentration Gradients

3.1.2.

Convective Mass Transfer

3.1.2.1.

3.1.2.2.

Turbulent Transport

3.1.2.3.

Mass Transfer Coefficients

3.1.3.

Interfacial Mass Transfer

3.1.3.1.

Gas-Liquid Interfaces

3.1.3.2.

Liquid-Solid Interfaces

3.1.3.3.

Mass Transfer Resistance

3.2.

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer

3.2.1.

Oxygen Transfer Fundamentals

3.2.1.1.

Oxygen Solubility

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.3.

Driving Force Concepts

3.2.2.

Oxygen Transfer Rate

3.2.2.1.

Definition and Units

3.2.2.2.

Measurement Methods

3.2.2.3.

Factors Influencing OTR

3.2.3.

Oxygen Uptake Rate

3.2.3.1.

Determination Techniques

3.2.3.2.

Relationship to Cell Metabolism

3.2.3.3.

Dynamic Measurement Methods

3.2.4.

Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient

3.2.4.1.

Definition and Significance

3.2.4.2.

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient

3.2.4.3.

Liquid-Side Resistance

3.2.4.4.

Gas-Side Resistance

3.2.5.

Factors Affecting kLa

3.2.5.1.

Agitation Speed Effects

3.2.5.2.

Gas Flow Rate Effects

3.2.5.3.

Medium Properties

3.2.5.3.1.

Viscosity Effects

3.2.5.3.2.

Surface Tension Effects

3.2.5.3.3.

Ionic Strength Effects

3.2.5.4.

Bioreactor Geometry

3.2.5.4.1.

Aspect Ratio Effects

3.2.5.4.2.

Baffle Configuration

3.2.5.4.3.

Impeller Design

3.2.6.

kLa Measurement Methods

3.2.6.1.

Sulfite Oxidation Method

3.2.6.2.

Dynamic Gassing-Out Method

3.2.6.3.

Chemical Stripping Method

3.2.6.4.

Steady-State Method

3.2.6.5.

Pressure-Step Method

3.3.

Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer

3.3.1.

Nutrient Transfer to Cells

3.3.1.1.

Boundary Layer Theory

3.3.1.2.

Sherwood Number Correlations

3.3.1.3.

Particle Size Effects

3.3.2.

Mass Transfer in Cell Aggregates

3.3.2.1.

Diffusion Limitations

3.3.2.2.

Effectiveness Factor

3.3.2.3.

3.3.3.

Biofilm Mass Transfer

3.3.3.1.

Substrate Penetration

3.3.3.2.

Product Removal

3.3.3.3.

Biofilm Thickness Effects

3.4.

Mixing and Flow Patterns

3.4.1.

Mixing Fundamentals

3.4.1.1.

Mixing Mechanisms

3.4.1.2.

Mixing Quality Assessment

3.4.1.3.

Segregation Effects

3.4.2.

3.4.2.1.

Definition and Measurement

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.3.

Factors Affecting Mixing Time

3.4.3.

Power Consumption

3.4.3.1.

Power Number Correlations

3.4.3.2.

Reynolds Number Effects

3.4.3.3.

Scale-Up Considerations

3.4.4.

Flow Patterns in Stirred Tanks

3.4.4.1.

Axial Flow Patterns

3.4.4.2.

Radial Flow Patterns

3.4.4.3.

Circulation Loops

3.4.4.4.

3.4.5.

Non-Newtonian Fluid Behavior

3.4.5.1.

Rheological Properties

3.4.5.2.

Apparent Viscosity

3.4.5.3.

Power Law Fluids

3.4.5.4.

Impact on Mass Transfer

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2. Fundamentals of Cell Growth and Metabolism

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4. Heat Transfer in Bioreactors