Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation is a specialized field within biomedical engineering focused on the design and application of technologies to visualize the human body and measure physiological signals. The imaging component involves developing systems like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), and ultrasound, which provide non-invasive views of internal organs and tissues for diagnosis and treatment guidance. Concurrently, the instrumentation aspect covers the creation of devices—from electrocardiogram (ECG) machines and blood glucose monitors to sophisticated surgical robots and life-support systems—that acquire, process, and display biological data or deliver therapeutic interventions, ultimately providing the critical tools for modern medical practice and research.

1. Fundamentals of Biomedical Engineering
   1. Core Physics Principles
      1. Electricity and Magnetism
         1. Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law
         2. Electric Fields and Potentials
         3. Current, Voltage, and Resistance
         4. Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis
         5. Magnetic Fields and Forces
         6. Electromagnetic Induction
         7. Faraday's Law
         8. Capacitance and Capacitors
         9. Inductance and Inductors
         10. AC and DC Circuits
      2. Wave Phenomena
         1. Sound Waves
            1. Properties of Sound Waves
               1. Frequency and Wavelength
               2. Amplitude and Intensity
               3. Phase and Phase Relationships
            2. Speed of Sound in Different Media
            3. Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues
            4. Reflection and Refraction of Sound
            5. Absorption and Scattering
            6. Acoustic Impedance
         2. Electromagnetic Waves
            1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
            2. Wave-Particle Duality
            3. Propagation in Biological Tissues
            4. Absorption and Scattering Mechanisms
            5. Polarization
      3. Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
         1. Types of Ionizing Radiation
            1. Alpha Particles
            2. Beta Particles
            3. Gamma Rays
            4. X-Rays
         2. Types of Non-ionizing Radiation
            1. Radiofrequency Radiation
            2. Microwave Radiation
            3. Infrared Radiation
            4. Visible Light
            5. Ultraviolet Radiation
         3. Biological Effects of Radiation
            1. Deterministic Effects
            2. Stochastic Effects
            3. Cellular Damage Mechanisms
         4. Radiation Units and Measurement
            1. Activity and Becquerel
            2. Absorbed Dose and Gray
            3. Equivalent Dose and Sievert
      4. Optics and Photonics
         1. Geometric Optics
            1. Reflection and Refraction
            2. Snell's Law
            3. Total Internal Reflection
         2. Lenses and Optical Systems
            1. Thin Lens Equation
            2. Aberrations
            3. Optical Instruments
         3. Light-Matter Interaction
            1. Absorption
            2. Emission
            3. Scattering
         4. Lasers and Coherent Light Sources
            1. Laser Principles
            2. Types of Lasers
            3. Laser Safety
   2. Essential Human Biology
      1. Cellular and Molecular Biology
         1. Cell Structure and Function
            1. Cell Membrane Structure
            2. Organelles and Their Functions
            3. Cytoskeleton
         2. Membrane Transport Mechanisms
            1. Passive Transport
            2. Active Transport
            3. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
         3. Signal Transduction Pathways
            1. Receptor Types
            2. Second Messenger Systems
            3. Signal Amplification
         4. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
            1. DNA Structure and Replication
            2. RNA Types and Functions
            3. Transcription and Translation
      2. Human Anatomy and Physiology
         1. Organ Systems Overview
            1. Nervous System
               1. Central Nervous System
               2. Peripheral Nervous System
               3. Autonomic Nervous System
            2. Cardiovascular System
               1. Heart Structure and Function
               2. Blood Vessels
               3. Cardiac Cycle
            3. Respiratory System
               1. Lung Structure
               2. Gas Exchange
               3. Respiratory Mechanics
            4. Musculoskeletal System
               1. Bone Structure and Function
               2. Muscle Types and Contraction
               3. Joint Mechanics
            5. Digestive System
               1. Gastrointestinal Tract
               2. Digestive Processes
               3. Nutrient Absorption
            6. Renal System
               1. Kidney Structure and Function
               2. Urine Formation
               3. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
            7. Endocrine System
               1. Hormone Types and Functions
               2. Feedback Mechanisms
               3. Major Endocrine Glands
         2. Tissue Properties
            1. Epithelial Tissue
               1. Types and Functions
               2. Barrier Properties
            2. Connective Tissue
               1. Types and Composition
               2. Mechanical Properties
            3. Muscle Tissue
               1. Skeletal Muscle
               2. Cardiac Muscle
               3. Smooth Muscle
            4. Nervous Tissue
               1. Neurons and Glial Cells
               2. Electrical Properties
   3. Foundational Engineering Concepts
      1. Signals and Systems
         1. Signal Classification
            1. Continuous and Discrete Signals
            2. Analog vs Digital Signals
            3. Deterministic vs Random Signals
         2. Sampling and Quantization
            1. Sampling Theorem
            2. Nyquist Frequency
            3. Aliasing
            4. Quantization Error
         3. Fourier Analysis
            1. Fourier Series
            2. Fourier Transform
            3. Discrete Fourier Transform
            4. Fast Fourier Transform
            5. Frequency Domain Representation
         4. System Properties
            1. Linearity
            2. Time-Invariance
            3. Causality
            4. Stability
            5. Memory
         5. System Response
            1. Impulse Response
            2. Frequency Response
            3. Transfer Functions
      2. Basic Electronics and Circuits
         1. Passive Components
            1. Resistors
            2. Capacitors
            3. Inductors
            4. Impedance and Reactance
         2. Active Components
            1. Diodes
            2. Transistors
            3. Operational Amplifiers
         3. Analog Circuits
            1. Amplifier Configurations
            2. Operational Amplifier Circuits
            3. Oscillators
         4. Digital Circuits
            1. Logic Gates
            2. Boolean Algebra
            3. Flip-Flops and Registers
            4. Counters and Timers
         5. Filters
            1. Low-pass Filters
            2. High-pass Filters
            3. Band-pass Filters
            4. Band-stop Filters
            5. Active vs Passive Filters
         6. Data Acquisition Systems
            1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
            2. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
            3. Multiplexing
            4. Sample and Hold Circuits