Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

  1. X-Ray Based Imaging
    1. Physics of X-Ray Production and Interaction
      1. X-Ray Generation
        1. X-Ray Tube Design
          1. Cathode and Anode
            1. Rotating Anode
              1. Heat Management
              2. X-Ray Production Mechanisms
                1. Bremsstrahlung Radiation
                  1. Characteristic Radiation
                  2. X-Ray Spectrum
                    1. Continuous Spectrum
                      1. Characteristic Peaks
                        1. Filtration Effects
                      2. X-Ray Interaction with Matter
                        1. Photoelectric Effect
                          1. Energy Dependence
                            1. Atomic Number Dependence
                            2. Compton Scattering
                              1. Energy Transfer
                                1. Angular Distribution
                                2. Rayleigh Scattering
                                  1. Pair Production
                                    1. Attenuation Coefficient
                                      1. Linear Attenuation Coefficient
                                        1. Mass Attenuation Coefficient
                                          1. Beer-Lambert Law
                                      2. Planar Radiography
                                        1. System Components
                                          1. X-Ray Tube
                                            1. Focal Spot Size
                                              1. Heat Capacity
                                              2. Collimators
                                                1. Beam Limitation
                                                  1. Scatter Reduction
                                                  2. Anti-scatter Grids
                                                    1. Grid Ratio
                                                      1. Grid Frequency
                                                      2. Detectors
                                                        1. Film-Screen Systems
                                                          1. Computed Radiography
                                                            1. Digital Radiography
                                                              1. Indirect Conversion
                                                                1. Direct Conversion
                                                            2. Image Quality Factors
                                                              1. Contrast
                                                                1. Subject Contrast
                                                                  1. Image Receptor Contrast
                                                                  2. Sharpness
                                                                    1. Geometric Factors
                                                                      1. Motion Blur
                                                                      2. Noise
                                                                        1. Quantum Mottle
                                                                          1. Structure Mottle
                                                                        2. Contrast Agents
                                                                          1. Iodinated Contrast Agents
                                                                            1. Ionic vs Non-ionic
                                                                              1. Osmolality
                                                                              2. Barium Compounds
                                                                                1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                  1. Safety and Adverse Reactions
                                                                                  2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                    1. Chest Radiography
                                                                                      1. Skeletal Imaging
                                                                                        1. Abdominal Imaging
                                                                                          1. Mammography
                                                                                            1. Breast Compression
                                                                                              1. Low-Energy X-Rays
                                                                                                1. Digital Mammography
                                                                                            2. Fluoroscopy
                                                                                              1. Image Intensifiers
                                                                                                1. Principle of Operation
                                                                                                  1. Conversion Efficiency
                                                                                                    1. Resolution and Distortion
                                                                                                    2. Flat-Panel Detectors
                                                                                                      1. Advantages over Image Intensifiers
                                                                                                        1. Dynamic Range
                                                                                                        2. Automatic Brightness Control
                                                                                                          1. Dynamic Imaging Applications
                                                                                                            1. Gastrointestinal Studies
                                                                                                              1. Interventional Procedures
                                                                                                                1. Cardiac Catheterization
                                                                                                                2. Radiation Dose Considerations
                                                                                                                  1. Patient Dose
                                                                                                                    1. Operator Dose
                                                                                                                      1. Dose Rate Monitoring
                                                                                                                    2. Computed Tomography (CT)
                                                                                                                      1. System Architecture
                                                                                                                        1. Gantry Design
                                                                                                                          1. Slip Ring Technology
                                                                                                                            1. Detector Arrays
                                                                                                                            2. X-Ray Source
                                                                                                                              1. High Heat Capacity
                                                                                                                                1. Focal Spot Tracking
                                                                                                                                2. Data Acquisition System
                                                                                                                                3. Scan Geometries
                                                                                                                                  1. Axial Scanning
                                                                                                                                    1. Helical Scanning
                                                                                                                                      1. Pitch Factor
                                                                                                                                        1. Interpolation Algorithms
                                                                                                                                        2. Multislice CT
                                                                                                                                          1. Detector Configurations
                                                                                                                                            1. Cone Beam Artifacts
                                                                                                                                          2. Image Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                            1. Filtered Back-Projection
                                                                                                                                              1. Iterative Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                1. Model-Based Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                  1. Noise Reduction
                                                                                                                                                2. CT Numbers and Hounsfield Units
                                                                                                                                                  1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Tissue Characterization
                                                                                                                                                      1. Window and Level Settings
                                                                                                                                                      2. Image Quality
                                                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Resolution
                                                                                                                                                          1. Contrast Resolution
                                                                                                                                                            1. Noise
                                                                                                                                                              1. Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                1. Beam Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Partial Volume Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Motion Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Radiation Dose
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dose Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                      1. CTDI
                                                                                                                                                                        1. DLP
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Effective Dose
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dose Reduction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Automatic Exposure Control
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Iterative Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Organ-Based Tube Current Modulation

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                                                                                                                                                                          3. Principles of Medical Imaging

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                                                                                                                                                                          5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)