Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

  1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    1. Physics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
      1. Nuclear Spin and Magnetization
        1. Magnetic Moments
          1. Gyromagnetic Ratio
            1. Equilibrium Magnetization
            2. Larmor Frequency
              1. Resonance Condition
                1. Chemical Shift
                2. Relaxation Processes
                  1. T1 Relaxation
                    1. Spin-Lattice Relaxation
                      1. Recovery Curves
                      2. T2 Relaxation
                        1. Spin-Spin Relaxation
                          1. Decay Curves
                          2. T2* Relaxation
                            1. Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity
                        2. MRI Instrumentation
                          1. Main Magnet
                            1. Types of Magnets
                              1. Permanent Magnets
                                1. Resistive Magnets
                                  1. Superconducting Magnets
                                  2. Magnetic Field Strength
                                    1. Magnetic Shielding
                                      1. Active Shielding
                                        1. Passive Shielding
                                      2. Gradient Coils
                                        1. Spatial Encoding Gradients
                                          1. Slice Selection
                                            1. Frequency Encoding
                                              1. Phase Encoding
                                              2. Gradient Strength and Linearity
                                                1. Eddy Currents
                                                2. Radiofrequency System
                                                  1. RF Coils
                                                    1. Transmit Coils
                                                      1. Receive Coils
                                                        1. Surface Coils
                                                          1. Volume Coils
                                                          2. RF Amplifiers
                                                            1. RF Shielding
                                                          3. Image Formation
                                                            1. Spatial Encoding
                                                              1. Slice Selection
                                                                1. Selective Excitation
                                                                  1. Slice Thickness
                                                                  2. Frequency Encoding
                                                                    1. Readout Gradient
                                                                      1. Bandwidth
                                                                      2. Phase Encoding
                                                                        1. Phase Encoding Steps
                                                                          1. Field of View
                                                                        2. K-Space
                                                                          1. Data Acquisition in K-Space
                                                                            1. K-Space Trajectories
                                                                              1. Cartesian Sampling
                                                                                1. Radial Sampling
                                                                                  1. Spiral Sampling
                                                                                  2. Fourier Transform Relationship
                                                                                  3. Pulse Sequences
                                                                                    1. Spin Echo
                                                                                      1. 90° and 180° Pulses
                                                                                        1. Echo Time
                                                                                        2. Gradient Echo
                                                                                          1. Flip Angle
                                                                                            1. Spoiling
                                                                                            2. Inversion Recovery
                                                                                              1. Inversion Time
                                                                                                1. STIR and FLAIR
                                                                                                2. Fast Imaging Techniques
                                                                                                  1. Echo Planar Imaging
                                                                                                    1. Turbo Spin Echo
                                                                                                      1. Gradient Echo Variants
                                                                                                  2. Image Contrast Mechanisms
                                                                                                    1. T1-Weighted Imaging
                                                                                                      1. Short TR and TE
                                                                                                        1. Tissue Contrast
                                                                                                        2. T2-Weighted Imaging
                                                                                                          1. Long TR and TE
                                                                                                            1. Tissue Contrast
                                                                                                            2. Proton Density Imaging
                                                                                                              1. Long TR and Short TE
                                                                                                              2. Advanced Contrast Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
                                                                                                                  1. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
                                                                                                                    1. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
                                                                                                                    2. Perfusion Imaging
                                                                                                                      1. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast
                                                                                                                        1. Arterial Spin Labeling
                                                                                                                        2. Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
                                                                                                                        3. Contrast Agents
                                                                                                                          1. Gadolinium-Based Agents
                                                                                                                            1. T1 Shortening Effects
                                                                                                                              1. Pharmacokinetics
                                                                                                                              2. Iron Oxide Particles
                                                                                                                                1. Safety and Contraindications
                                                                                                                                  1. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
                                                                                                                                    1. Gadolinium Retention
                                                                                                                                2. Functional MRI
                                                                                                                                  1. BOLD Contrast
                                                                                                                                    1. Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Signal
                                                                                                                                      1. Neurovascular Coupling
                                                                                                                                        1. Hemodynamic Response Function
                                                                                                                                        2. Experimental Design
                                                                                                                                          1. Block Design
                                                                                                                                            1. Resting State fMRI
                                                                                                                                            2. Data Analysis
                                                                                                                                              1. Statistical Parametric Mapping
                                                                                                                                                1. Independent Component Analysis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Connectivity Analysis

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                                                                                                                                              4. X-Ray Based Imaging

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                                                                                                                                              6. Ultrasound Imaging