Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

5.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

5.1.

Physics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

5.1.1.

Nuclear Spin and Magnetization

5.1.1.1.

Magnetic Moments

5.1.1.2.

Gyromagnetic Ratio

5.1.1.3.

Equilibrium Magnetization

5.1.2.

Larmor Frequency

5.1.2.1.

Resonance Condition

5.1.2.2.

5.1.3.

Relaxation Processes

5.1.3.1.

5.1.3.1.1.

Spin-Lattice Relaxation

5.1.3.1.2.

Recovery Curves

5.1.3.2.

5.1.3.2.1.

Spin-Spin Relaxation

5.1.3.2.2.

5.1.3.3.

5.1.3.3.1.

Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity

5.2.

MRI Instrumentation

5.2.1.

5.2.1.1.

Types of Magnets

5.2.1.1.1.

Permanent Magnets

5.2.1.1.2.

Resistive Magnets

5.2.1.1.3.

Superconducting Magnets

5.2.1.2.

Magnetic Field Strength

5.2.1.3.

Magnetic Shielding

5.2.1.3.1.

Active Shielding

5.2.1.3.2.

Passive Shielding

5.2.2.

5.2.2.1.

Spatial Encoding Gradients

5.2.2.1.1.

Slice Selection

5.2.2.1.2.

Frequency Encoding

5.2.2.1.3.

5.2.2.2.

Gradient Strength and Linearity

5.2.2.3.

5.2.3.

Radiofrequency System

5.2.3.1.

5.2.3.1.1.

5.2.3.1.2.

5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.1.4.

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.3.

5.3.

Image Formation

5.3.1.

Spatial Encoding

5.3.1.1.

Slice Selection

5.3.1.1.1.

Selective Excitation

5.3.1.1.2.

Slice Thickness

5.3.1.2.

Frequency Encoding

5.3.1.2.1.

Readout Gradient

5.3.1.2.2.

5.3.1.3.

5.3.1.3.1.

Phase Encoding Steps

5.3.1.3.2.

5.3.2.

5.3.2.1.

Data Acquisition in K-Space

5.3.2.2.

K-Space Trajectories

5.3.2.2.1.

Cartesian Sampling

5.3.2.2.2.

Radial Sampling

5.3.2.2.3.

Spiral Sampling

5.3.2.3.

Fourier Transform Relationship

5.3.3.

Pulse Sequences

5.3.3.1.

5.3.3.1.1.

90° and 180° Pulses

5.3.3.1.2.

5.3.3.2.

5.3.3.2.1.

5.3.3.2.2.

5.3.3.3.

Inversion Recovery

5.3.3.3.1.

5.3.3.3.2.

5.3.3.4.

Fast Imaging Techniques

5.3.3.4.1.

Echo Planar Imaging

5.3.3.4.2.

Turbo Spin Echo

5.3.3.4.3.

Gradient Echo Variants

5.4.

Image Contrast Mechanisms

5.4.1.

T1-Weighted Imaging

5.4.1.1.

Short TR and TE

5.4.1.2.

Tissue Contrast

5.4.2.

T2-Weighted Imaging

5.4.2.1.

5.4.2.2.

Tissue Contrast

5.4.3.

Proton Density Imaging

5.4.3.1.

Long TR and Short TE

5.4.4.

Advanced Contrast Mechanisms

5.4.4.1.

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

5.4.4.1.1.

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient

5.4.4.1.2.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

5.4.4.2.

Perfusion Imaging

5.4.4.2.1.

Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast

5.4.4.2.2.

Arterial Spin Labeling

5.4.4.3.

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging

5.4.5.

Contrast Agents

5.4.5.1.

Gadolinium-Based Agents

5.4.5.1.1.

T1 Shortening Effects

5.4.5.1.2.

Pharmacokinetics

5.4.5.2.

Iron Oxide Particles

5.4.5.3.

Safety and Contraindications

5.4.5.3.1.

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

5.4.5.3.2.

Gadolinium Retention

5.5.

5.5.1.

5.5.1.1.

Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Signal

5.5.1.2.

Neurovascular Coupling

5.5.1.3.

Hemodynamic Response Function

5.5.2.

Experimental Design

5.5.2.1.

5.5.2.2.

Event-Related Design

5.5.2.3.

Resting State fMRI

5.5.3.

5.5.3.1.

Statistical Parametric Mapping

5.5.3.2.

Independent Component Analysis

5.5.3.3.

Connectivity Analysis

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