Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

  1. Biomedical Instrumentation
    1. Principles of Measurement
      1. Sensors and Transducers
        1. Classification of Sensors
          1. Mechanical Sensors
            1. Pressure Sensors
              1. Force Sensors
                1. Displacement Sensors
                2. Thermal Sensors
                  1. Thermistors
                    1. Thermocouples
                      1. RTDs
                      2. Electrical Sensors
                        1. Voltage Sensors
                          1. Current Sensors
                            1. Impedance Sensors
                            2. Chemical Sensors
                              1. pH Sensors
                                1. Ion-Selective Electrodes
                                  1. Gas Sensors
                                  2. Optical Sensors
                                    1. Photodiodes
                                      1. Photomultiplier Tubes
                                        1. CCD Sensors
                                      2. Performance Characteristics
                                        1. Sensitivity
                                          1. Specificity
                                            1. Linearity
                                              1. Range and Span
                                                1. Accuracy and Precision
                                                  1. Resolution
                                                    1. Response Time
                                                      1. Hysteresis
                                                        1. Drift and Stability
                                                          1. Repeatability and Reproducibility
                                                        2. Signal Conditioning
                                                          1. Amplification
                                                            1. Instrumentation Amplifiers
                                                              1. Differential Amplifiers
                                                                1. Isolation Amplifiers
                                                                  1. Noise Considerations in Amplification
                                                                  2. Filtering
                                                                    1. Analog Filters
                                                                      1. Digital Filters
                                                                        1. Adaptive Filters
                                                                        2. Signal Conversion
                                                                          1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
                                                                            1. Resolution and Sampling Rate
                                                                              1. Quantization Error
                                                                                1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
                                                                              2. Noise and Artifacts
                                                                                1. Sources of Noise
                                                                                  1. Thermal Noise
                                                                                    1. Shot Noise
                                                                                      1. Flicker Noise
                                                                                        1. Electromagnetic Interference
                                                                                          1. Motion Artifacts
                                                                                            1. Physiological Artifacts
                                                                                            2. Noise Characterization
                                                                                              1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                                                                                                1. Noise Figure
                                                                                                  1. Noise Bandwidth
                                                                                                  2. Noise Reduction Techniques
                                                                                                    1. Shielding and Grounding
                                                                                                      1. Filtering
                                                                                                        1. Signal Averaging
                                                                                                          1. Correlation Techniques
                                                                                                      2. Measurement of Biopotentials
                                                                                                        1. Origin of Biopotentials
                                                                                                          1. Resting Membrane Potential
                                                                                                            1. Action Potentials
                                                                                                              1. Depolarization and Repolarization
                                                                                                                1. Propagation
                                                                                                                2. Ionic Basis of Biopotentials
                                                                                                                  1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
                                                                                                                    1. Ion Channels
                                                                                                                  2. Electrodes
                                                                                                                    1. Types of Electrodes
                                                                                                                      1. Surface Electrodes
                                                                                                                        1. Ag/AgCl Electrodes
                                                                                                                          1. Dry Electrodes
                                                                                                                          2. Needle Electrodes
                                                                                                                            1. Microelectrodes
                                                                                                                              1. Reference Electrodes
                                                                                                                              2. Electrode-Skin Interface
                                                                                                                                1. Impedance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                  1. Skin Preparation
                                                                                                                                    1. Electrode Gel and Paste
                                                                                                                                      1. Motion Artifacts
                                                                                                                                    2. Electrocardiography (ECG)
                                                                                                                                      1. Cardiac Electrophysiology
                                                                                                                                        1. Electrical Activity of the Heart
                                                                                                                                          1. Cardiac Conduction System
                                                                                                                                            1. PQRST Complex
                                                                                                                                            2. Lead Systems
                                                                                                                                              1. Standard Limb Leads
                                                                                                                                                1. Augmented Limb Leads
                                                                                                                                                  1. Precordial Leads
                                                                                                                                                    1. Lead Placement and Configuration
                                                                                                                                                    2. ECG Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Filters
                                                                                                                                                          1. Display and Recording Devices
                                                                                                                                                            1. Arrhythmia Detection
                                                                                                                                                          2. Electroencephalography (EEG)
                                                                                                                                                            1. Brain Electrophysiology
                                                                                                                                                              1. Neural Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Brain Waves and States
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alpha Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Beta Waves
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Theta Waves
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Delta Waves
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Sleep and Wakefulness Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                        3. Electrode Placement
                                                                                                                                                                          1. 10-20 System
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Standardization
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Montages
                                                                                                                                                                              2. EEG Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Artifact Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Electromyography (EMG)
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Muscle Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Unit Action Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuromuscular Junction
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. EMG Types
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Surface EMG
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Needle EMG
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. EMG Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Signal Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fatigue Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Measurement of Non-Electrical Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cardiovascular Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blood Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sphygmomanometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Korotkoff Sounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Invasive vs Non-invasive Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Blood Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electromagnetic Flowmeters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ultrasonic Flowmeters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cardiac Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Indicator Dilution Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermodilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fick Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Impedance Cardiography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Respiratory System Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spirometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lung Volumes and Capacities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flow-Volume Loops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Forced Expiratory Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon Dioxide Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Capnography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Blood Gas Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Respiratory Rate and Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Impedance Pneumography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Strain Gauge Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Body Temperature Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermistors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thermocouples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. RTDs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Measurement Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Core Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Skin Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Infrared Thermometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-contact Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Blood Glucose Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzymatic Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrochemical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-invasive Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Blood Gas Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. pH Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. pO2 Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. pCO2 Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ion-Selective Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pulse Oximetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Principles of Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Beer-Lambert Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Limitations and Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Therapeutic and Life-Support Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cardiac Pacemakers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Pacemakers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Single Chamber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dual Chamber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biventricular
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sensing and Pacing Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Demand Pacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rate-Responsive Pacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Implantation and Programming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lead Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parameter Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. External Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Manual Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Automated External Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Delivery Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Capacitor Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Waveform Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Infusion Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Types of Infusion Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Syringe Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peristaltic Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Volumetric Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Flow Control Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressure-Based Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Volume-Based Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Alarm Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Occlusion Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Air-in-Line Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ventilators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Modes of Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Volume-Controlled Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pressure-Controlled Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Assist-Control Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sensors and Feedback Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flow Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressure Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oxygen Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Patient-Ventilator Interaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Triggering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. PEEP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Dialysis Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hemodialysis Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diffusion and Ultrafiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dialysate Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Components and Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dialyzer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dialysate Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Monitoring and Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pressure Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Air Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Blood Leak Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Electrical Safety in Medical Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrical Hazards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Macroshock Hazards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Current Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Microshock Hazards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cardiac Catheter Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Leakage Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sources of Leakage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Acceptable Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Patient Auxiliary Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Protection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grounding Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Equipment Grounding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Isolated Ground Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Isolation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Isolation Transformers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Optical Isolation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Medical Device Safety Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. International Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. IEC 60601 Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ISO 14971
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hospital Safety Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electrical Safety Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Testing and Maintenance

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Principles of Medical Imaging