Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

  1. Ultrasound Imaging
    1. Physics of Acoustic Waves
      1. Wave Properties
        1. Frequency and Wavelength
          1. Amplitude and Intensity
            1. Wave Equation
            2. Propagation in Tissue
              1. Acoustic Impedance
                1. Characteristic Impedance
                  1. Impedance Matching
                  2. Speed of Sound in Tissues
                    1. Tissue-Dependent Variations
                      1. Temperature Effects
                    2. Wave Interactions
                      1. Reflection and Transmission
                        1. Normal Incidence
                          1. Oblique Incidence
                            1. Rayleigh Scattering
                            2. Refraction
                              1. Snell's Law for Acoustics
                              2. Attenuation
                                1. Absorption
                                  1. Scattering
                                    1. Attenuation Coefficient
                                  2. Piezoelectric Effect
                                    1. Piezoelectric Materials
                                      1. Natural Crystals
                                        1. Synthetic Ceramics
                                        2. Transducer Construction
                                          1. Backing Layer
                                            1. Matching Layers
                                              1. Lens Focusing
                                          2. Ultrasound Instrumentation
                                            1. Transducers
                                              1. Types of Transducers
                                                1. Linear Arrays
                                                  1. Curvilinear Arrays
                                                    1. Phased Arrays
                                                      1. Annular Arrays
                                                      2. Frequency Selection
                                                        1. Penetration vs Resolution Trade-off
                                                          1. Broadband Transducers
                                                          2. Transducer Characteristics
                                                            1. Bandwidth
                                                              1. Sensitivity
                                                                1. Near Field and Far Field
                                                              2. Beamforming
                                                                1. Electronic Focusing
                                                                  1. Transmit Focusing
                                                                    1. Receive Focusing
                                                                      1. Dynamic Focusing
                                                                      2. Electronic Steering
                                                                        1. Apodization
                                                                          1. Amplitude Weighting
                                                                            1. Side Lobe Reduction
                                                                          2. System Components
                                                                            1. Pulser
                                                                              1. Receiver
                                                                                1. Time Gain Compensation
                                                                                  1. Dynamic Range
                                                                                  2. Signal Processing
                                                                                    1. Display System
                                                                                  3. Imaging Modes
                                                                                    1. A-Mode
                                                                                      1. Amplitude vs Time Display
                                                                                        1. Applications
                                                                                          1. Ophthalmology
                                                                                            1. Thickness Measurement
                                                                                          2. B-Mode
                                                                                            1. Brightness Modulation
                                                                                              1. Image Construction
                                                                                                1. Scan Conversion
                                                                                                  1. Interpolation
                                                                                                  2. Real-Time Imaging
                                                                                                  3. M-Mode
                                                                                                    1. Motion Display
                                                                                                      1. Applications
                                                                                                        1. Cardiac Imaging
                                                                                                          1. Fetal Heart Rate
                                                                                                      2. Doppler Ultrasound
                                                                                                        1. Doppler Effect
                                                                                                          1. Frequency Shift Calculation
                                                                                                            1. Angle Dependence
                                                                                                            2. Continuous Wave Doppler
                                                                                                              1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                1. Range Ambiguity
                                                                                                                2. Pulsed Wave Doppler
                                                                                                                  1. Range Gating
                                                                                                                    1. Nyquist Limit
                                                                                                                      1. Aliasing
                                                                                                                      2. Color Flow Doppler
                                                                                                                        1. Velocity Mapping
                                                                                                                          1. Color Scale
                                                                                                                            1. Power Doppler
                                                                                                                              1. Angle Independence
                                                                                                                                1. Sensitivity to Slow Flow
                                                                                                                            2. Advanced Techniques
                                                                                                                              1. Harmonic Imaging
                                                                                                                                1. Tissue Harmonics
                                                                                                                                  1. Nonlinear Propagation
                                                                                                                                    1. Improved Image Quality
                                                                                                                                    2. Contrast Harmonics
                                                                                                                                      1. Microbubble Resonance
                                                                                                                                    3. Elastography
                                                                                                                                      1. Strain Imaging
                                                                                                                                        1. Compression Elastography
                                                                                                                                          1. Strain Ratio
                                                                                                                                          2. Shear Wave Imaging
                                                                                                                                            1. Acoustic Radiation Force
                                                                                                                                              1. Quantitative Elasticity
                                                                                                                                            2. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
                                                                                                                                              1. Microbubble Agents
                                                                                                                                                1. Composition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                  1. Destruction and Replenishment
                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                    1. Perfusion Imaging
                                                                                                                                                      1. Lesion Characterization
                                                                                                                                                    2. 3D and 4D Ultrasound
                                                                                                                                                      1. Volume Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                        1. Rendering Techniques
                                                                                                                                                          1. Real-Time 3D Imaging

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                                                                                                                                                      5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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                                                                                                                                                      7. Nuclear Medicine Imaging