Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation

3.

Principles of Medical Imaging

3.1.

Image Quality Metrics

3.1.1.

Spatial Resolution

3.1.1.1.

Point Spread Function

3.1.1.2.

Line Spread Function

3.1.1.3.

Modulation Transfer Function

3.1.1.4.

Pixel Size and Matrix Size

3.1.2.

Contrast Resolution

3.1.2.1.

Contrast-to-Noise Ratio

3.1.2.2.

Low-Contrast Detectability

3.1.3.

Temporal Resolution

3.1.3.1.

3.1.3.2.

Acquisition Time

3.1.3.3.

Motion Artifacts

3.1.4.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

3.1.4.1.

Sources of Noise in Imaging

3.1.4.2.

3.1.4.3.

Electronic Noise

3.1.4.4.

Structured Noise

3.2.

Image Formation Principles

3.2.1.

Projection Imaging

3.2.1.1.

Parallel Beam Geometry

3.2.1.2.

Fan Beam Geometry

3.2.1.3.

Cone Beam Geometry

3.2.2.

Tomographic Imaging

3.2.2.1.

Cross-sectional Imaging

3.2.2.2.

3.2.3.

Image Reconstruction

3.2.3.1.

The Radon Transform

3.2.3.1.1.

Mathematical Basis

3.2.3.1.2.

Forward and Inverse Transform

3.2.3.2.

Filtered Back-Projection

3.2.3.2.1.

Algorithm Steps

3.2.3.2.2.

Filter Functions

3.2.3.2.3.

3.2.3.3.

Iterative Reconstruction Methods

3.2.3.3.1.

Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

3.2.3.3.2.

Maximum Likelihood Methods

3.2.3.3.3.

Statistical Reconstruction

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2. Biomedical Instrumentation

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4. X-Ray Based Imaging