Battery Technology

  1. Battery Pack and System Engineering
    1. Cell-to-Pack Integration
      1. Series Connections
        1. Voltage Addition
          1. Current Limitations
          2. Parallel Connections
            1. Capacity Addition
              1. Current Sharing
              2. Module Assembly
                1. Mechanical Integration
                  1. Electrical Interconnections
                    1. Thermal Interfaces
                    2. Pack-Level Integration
                      1. Enclosure Design
                        1. Wiring and Busbars
                          1. Serviceability
                        2. Battery Management System
                          1. Monitoring Functions
                            1. Voltage Sensing
                              1. Cell-Level Monitoring
                                1. Accuracy Requirements
                                2. Current Sensing
                                  1. Hall Effect Sensors
                                    1. Shunt Resistors
                                    2. Temperature Sensing
                                      1. Thermistor Placement
                                        1. Thermal Gradients
                                      2. State Estimation
                                        1. State of Charge Estimation
                                          1. Coulomb Counting
                                            1. Voltage-based Methods
                                              1. Kalman Filtering
                                              2. State of Health Estimation
                                                1. Capacity Fade Tracking
                                                  1. Impedance Analysis
                                                2. Cell Balancing
                                                  1. Passive Balancing
                                                    1. Resistive Dissipation
                                                      1. Energy Loss
                                                      2. Active Balancing
                                                        1. Energy Transfer Methods
                                                          1. Efficiency Considerations
                                                        2. Protection and Safety Control
                                                          1. Overvoltage Protection
                                                            1. Undervoltage Protection
                                                              1. Overcurrent Protection
                                                                1. Overtemperature Protection
                                                                  1. Short Circuit Protection
                                                                  2. BMS Architecture
                                                                    1. Centralized BMS
                                                                      1. Distributed BMS
                                                                        1. Modular BMS
                                                                      2. Thermal Management
                                                                        1. Heat Generation Mechanisms
                                                                          1. Joule Heating
                                                                            1. Reaction Heat
                                                                              1. Mixing Heat
                                                                              2. Cooling Methods
                                                                                1. Air Cooling
                                                                                  1. Forced Air Systems
                                                                                    1. Natural Convection
                                                                                    2. Liquid Cooling
                                                                                      1. Direct Contact Cooling
                                                                                        1. Indirect Cooling Plates
                                                                                          1. Coolant Selection
                                                                                          2. Phase Change Materials
                                                                                            1. Latent Heat Storage
                                                                                              1. Material Selection
                                                                                            2. Heating Systems
                                                                                              1. Resistive Heaters
                                                                                                1. Self-Heating Cells
                                                                                                  1. Heat Pump Systems
                                                                                                2. Safety Engineering
                                                                                                  1. Failure Modes and Analysis
                                                                                                    1. Overcharge Scenarios
                                                                                                      1. Over-discharge Effects
                                                                                                        1. External Short Circuits
                                                                                                          1. Internal Short Circuits
                                                                                                            1. Thermal Runaway Propagation
                                                                                                            2. Safety Systems
                                                                                                              1. Fuses and Circuit Breakers
                                                                                                                1. Positive Temperature Coefficient Devices
                                                                                                                  1. Current Interrupt Devices
                                                                                                                    1. Venting Mechanisms
                                                                                                                      1. Fire Suppression Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Inert Gas Systems
                                                                                                                          1. Aerosol Suppression
                                                                                                                            1. Water Mist Systems

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                                                                                                                      5. Lithium-ion Battery Technology in Depth

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                                                                                                                      7. Battery Lifecycle Management