Battery Technology

  1. Lithium-ion Battery Technology in Depth
    1. Working Principle
      1. Intercalation and Deintercalation
        1. Mechanism in Graphite Anode
          1. Mechanism in Oxide Cathode
            1. Structural Changes
            2. Ion Movement during Operation
              1. Charge Process
                1. Discharge Process
                  1. Role of Electrolyte and Separator
                2. Cathode Chemistries
                  1. Layered Oxides
                    1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide
                      1. Crystal Structure
                        1. Performance Characteristics
                          1. Safety Considerations
                          2. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide
                            1. NMC111 Composition
                              1. NMC532 Composition
                                1. NMC811 High-Nickel Variant
                                2. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
                                  1. High-Energy Applications
                                    1. Thermal Stability
                                  2. Olivines
                                    1. Lithium Iron Phosphate
                                      1. Crystal Structure
                                        1. Safety Advantages
                                          1. Cycle Life Benefits
                                        2. Spinels
                                          1. Lithium Manganese Oxide
                                            1. Power Capability
                                              1. Thermal Stability
                                                1. Cost Benefits
                                            2. Anode Materials
                                              1. Graphite
                                                1. Natural Graphite
                                                  1. Synthetic Graphite
                                                    1. Structure and Intercalation
                                                    2. Silicon-based Anodes
                                                      1. Silicon-Carbon Composites
                                                        1. High Capacity Potential
                                                          1. Volume Expansion Challenges
                                                          2. Lithium Titanate
                                                            1. Fast Charging Capability
                                                              1. Safety Advantages
                                                                1. Lower Energy Density
                                                              2. Electrolyte Formulations
                                                                1. Organic Solvents
                                                                  1. Ethylene Carbonate
                                                                    1. Dimethyl Carbonate
                                                                      1. Diethyl Carbonate
                                                                        1. Propylene Carbonate
                                                                        2. Lithium Salts
                                                                          1. Lithium Hexafluorophosphate
                                                                            1. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate
                                                                              1. Alternative Salt Systems
                                                                              2. Functional Additives
                                                                                1. SEI-Forming Additives
                                                                                  1. Flame Retardants
                                                                                    1. Overcharge Protection Additives
                                                                                  2. Cell Formats and Construction
                                                                                    1. Cylindrical Cells
                                                                                      1. 18650 Format
                                                                                        1. 21700 Format
                                                                                          1. 4680 Format
                                                                                            1. Manufacturing Advantages
                                                                                            2. Prismatic Cells
                                                                                              1. Hard Case Construction
                                                                                                1. Space Efficiency
                                                                                                  1. Thermal Management
                                                                                                  2. Pouch Cells
                                                                                                    1. Flexible Packaging
                                                                                                      1. Weight Advantages
                                                                                                        1. Swelling Considerations

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                                                                                                    4. Classification of Batteries

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                                                                                                    6. Battery Pack and System Engineering