Battery Technology

  1. Key Performance Characteristics and Metrics
    1. Electrical Performance
      1. Nominal Voltage
        1. Definition and Determination
          1. Voltage vs. State of Charge
          2. Capacity
            1. Ampere-hour Rating
              1. Measurement Methods
                1. Factors Affecting Capacity
                2. Energy
                  1. Watt-hour Calculation
                    1. Significance in Applications
                    2. State of Charge
                      1. Estimation Techniques
                        1. Coulomb Counting
                          1. Voltage-based Methods
                          2. Depth of Discharge
                            1. Definition and Measurement
                              1. Impact on Battery Life
                              2. Internal Resistance
                                1. DC and AC Resistance
                                  1. Measurement Methods
                                    1. Effects on Performance
                                    2. C-rate
                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                        1. Impact on Capacity and Lifespan
                                          1. Safety Considerations
                                        2. Density Metrics
                                          1. Specific Energy
                                            1. Importance for Portable Devices
                                              1. Theoretical vs. Practical Values
                                              2. Energy Density
                                                1. Relevance for Space-Constrained Applications
                                                  1. Pack-level Considerations
                                                  2. Specific Power
                                                    1. High-Power Applications
                                                      1. Peak vs. Continuous Power
                                                      2. Power Density
                                                        1. Design Trade-offs
                                                          1. Thermal Considerations
                                                        2. Lifespan and Durability
                                                          1. Cycle Life
                                                            1. Definition and Testing Standards
                                                              1. Factors Affecting Cycle Life
                                                                1. End-of-Life Criteria
                                                                2. Calendar Life
                                                                  1. Shelf Life Considerations
                                                                    1. Storage Conditions
                                                                      1. Temperature Effects
                                                                      2. State of Health
                                                                        1. Diagnostic Methods
                                                                          1. Capacity Fade Indicators
                                                                            1. Impedance Growth
                                                                          2. Efficiency
                                                                            1. Coulombic Efficiency
                                                                              1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                1. Side Reaction Effects
                                                                                2. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                  1. Round-trip Efficiency
                                                                                    1. Loss Mechanisms
                                                                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                    2. Operating Conditions
                                                                                      1. Temperature Range
                                                                                        1. Effects of High Temperature
                                                                                          1. Effects of Low Temperature
                                                                                            1. Optimal Operating Range
                                                                                            2. Self-Discharge Rate
                                                                                              1. Causes and Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                  1. Storage Recommendations

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                                                                                              2. Fundamental Components of a Battery Cell

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                                                                                              4. Classification of Batteries