Autonomous Vehicles (Self-Driving Cars)

  1. Sensor Technologies and Hardware Components
    1. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
      1. Principles of Operation
        1. Time-of-Flight Measurement
          1. Laser Pulse Emission and Reception
            1. 3D Environmental Mapping
              1. Range and Accuracy Specifications
              2. Types of LiDAR Systems
                1. Mechanical Scanning LiDAR
                  1. Solid-State LiDAR
                    1. Flash LiDAR
                      1. MEMS-Based LiDAR
                      2. LiDAR Data Characteristics
                        1. Point Cloud Generation
                          1. Point Cloud Resolution and Density
                            1. Data Processing Requirements
                              1. Storage and Bandwidth Considerations
                              2. Advantages and Limitations
                                1. High Accuracy and Resolution
                                  1. Weather Sensitivity
                                    1. Cost Considerations
                                      1. Size and Integration Challenges
                                    2. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
                                      1. Principles of Operation
                                        1. Radio Wave Transmission and Reflection
                                          1. Range Measurement Techniques
                                            1. Velocity Measurement via Doppler Effect
                                              1. Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)
                                              2. RADAR Characteristics
                                                1. Operating Frequencies
                                                  1. Range and Resolution Capabilities
                                                    1. Angular Resolution Limitations
                                                      1. Multi-Target Detection
                                                      2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                        1. All-Weather Performance
                                                          1. Penetration Through Obstacles
                                                            1. Lower Resolution Compared to LiDAR
                                                              1. False Alarm Rates
                                                              2. Automotive RADAR Applications
                                                                1. Adaptive Cruise Control
                                                                  1. Blind Spot Detection
                                                                    1. Cross Traffic Alert
                                                                      1. Emergency Braking Systems
                                                                    2. Camera Systems and Computer Vision
                                                                      1. Camera Types and Configurations
                                                                        1. Monocular Vision Systems
                                                                          1. Stereo Vision Systems
                                                                            1. Multi-Camera Arrays
                                                                              1. Fisheye and Wide-Angle Cameras
                                                                              2. Specialized Camera Technologies
                                                                                1. Thermal and Infrared Cameras
                                                                                  1. Night Vision Capabilities
                                                                                    1. High Dynamic Range (HDR) Cameras
                                                                                      1. Event-Based Cameras
                                                                                      2. Image Processing Fundamentals
                                                                                        1. Feature Extraction Techniques
                                                                                          1. Edge Detection and Filtering
                                                                                            1. Color Space Conversions
                                                                                              1. Image Enhancement Methods
                                                                                              2. Computer Vision Applications
                                                                                                1. Object Detection and Recognition
                                                                                                  1. Lane and Road Marking Detection
                                                                                                    1. Traffic Sign Recognition
                                                                                                      1. Depth Estimation from Monocular Images
                                                                                                      2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                        1. Rich Visual Information
                                                                                                          1. Cost-Effectiveness
                                                                                                            1. Weather and Lighting Sensitivity
                                                                                                              1. Processing Complexity
                                                                                                            2. Inertial Measurement Units (IMU)
                                                                                                              1. Accelerometer Technology
                                                                                                                1. Measuring Linear Acceleration
                                                                                                                  1. Three-Axis Acceleration Detection
                                                                                                                    1. Calibration and Drift Compensation
                                                                                                                    2. Gyroscope Technology
                                                                                                                      1. Measuring Angular Velocity
                                                                                                                        1. Three-Axis Rotation Detection
                                                                                                                          1. MEMS Gyroscope Principles
                                                                                                                          2. IMU Integration and Fusion
                                                                                                                            1. Dead Reckoning Capabilities
                                                                                                                              1. Integration with GNSS
                                                                                                                                1. Kalman Filter Applications
                                                                                                                                  1. Error Accumulation and Correction
                                                                                                                                2. Ultrasonic Sensors
                                                                                                                                  1. Principles of Operation
                                                                                                                                    1. Sound Wave Propagation
                                                                                                                                      1. Time-of-Flight Measurement
                                                                                                                                        1. Frequency and Range Characteristics
                                                                                                                                        2. Applications in Autonomous Vehicles
                                                                                                                                          1. Parking Assistance Systems
                                                                                                                                            1. Low-Speed Maneuvering
                                                                                                                                              1. Close-Range Obstacle Detection
                                                                                                                                              2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                1. Low Cost and Simplicity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Short Range Operation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Weather and Surface Dependencies
                                                                                                                                                  2. Sensor Fusion Techniques
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fundamentals of Sensor Fusion
                                                                                                                                                      1. Redundancy and Complementarity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Data Association Problems
                                                                                                                                                          1. Temporal and Spatial Alignment
                                                                                                                                                          2. Fusion Architectures
                                                                                                                                                            1. Early Fusion (Data-Level)
                                                                                                                                                              1. Late Fusion (Decision-Level)
                                                                                                                                                                1. Hybrid Fusion Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                2. Mathematical Frameworks
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Kalman Filters
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Extended Kalman Filters (EKF)
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Unscented Kalman Filters (UKF)
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Particle Filters
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Deep Learning-Based Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neural Network Architectures
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multi-Modal Learning
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Attention Mechanisms for Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Computing Platforms and Hardware Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Processing Units
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Central Processing Units (CPUs)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. System-on-Chip (SoC) Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Integrated CPU, GPU, and AI Accelerators
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. NVIDIA Drive Platform
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intel Mobileye EyeQ Series
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Memory and Storage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-Speed Memory Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Solid-State Drive (SSD) Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Logging and Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Power Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Power Consumption Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Battery and Electrical System Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Redundancy and Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dual Computing Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Watchdog Timers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fail-Safe Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Power Supply Redundancy

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Autonomous Vehicles

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Environmental Perception and Scene Understanding