Aqueous Geochemistry

Aqueous geochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that control the composition of natural waters, including groundwater, rivers, lakes, and oceans. This sub-discipline investigates the intricate interactions between water, minerals, atmospheric gases, and biological organisms, focusing on fundamental principles such as mineral dissolution and precipitation, redox reactions, acid-base equilibria, and sorption. By understanding these processes, aqueous geochemists can determine the sources, transport, and ultimate fate of chemical elements, nutrients, and contaminants within Earth's hydrosphere, providing critical insights into water quality, rock weathering, and global biogeochemical cycles.

1. Introduction to Aqueous Geochemistry
   1. Defining the Field
      1. Scope of Aqueous Geochemistry
      2. Interdisciplinary Connections
         1. Hydrology
         2. Geology
         3. Chemistry
         4. Environmental Science
         5. Biology
   2. The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs
      1. Components of the Hydrologic Cycle
         1. Evaporation
         2. Condensation and Precipitation
         3. Infiltration and Percolation
         4. Runoff and Streamflow
         5. Groundwater Flow
      2. Major Water Reservoirs
         1. Oceans
         2. Lakes and Rivers
         3. Groundwater Aquifers
         4. Glaciers and Ice Caps
         5. Atmosphere
         6. Biosphere
      3. Residence Times in Different Reservoirs
   3. Key Questions in Aqueous Geochemistry
      1. Controls on Water Chemistry
      2. Sources and Sinks of Solutes
      3. Water-Rock Interaction Processes
      4. Human Impacts on Water Chemistry
      5. Climate Change Effects on Water Chemistry
   4. Historical Development
      1. Early Observations and Theories
      2. Milestones in Analytical Techniques
      3. Evolution of Modern Concepts