Aqueous Geochemistry

  1. Fundamental Principles
    1. Properties of Water
      1. Molecular Structure and Polarity
        1. Geometry of the Water Molecule
          1. Dipole Moment
            1. Electronic Structure
            2. Hydrogen Bonding
              1. Nature and Strength of Hydrogen Bonds
                1. Effects on Water Properties
                  1. Temperature Dependence
                  2. Solvent Properties
                    1. Solvation of Ions and Molecules
                      1. Dielectric Constant
                        1. Hydration Shells
                          1. Ion-Dipole Interactions
                          2. Physical Properties
                            1. Density and Anomalies
                              1. Viscosity
                                1. Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity
                                  1. Surface Tension
                                    1. Vapor Pressure
                                  2. Chemical Thermodynamics
                                    1. Gibbs Free Energy
                                      1. Definition and Significance
                                        1. Relationship to Spontaneity
                                          1. Standard States
                                          2. Enthalpy and Entropy
                                            1. Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
                                              1. Entropy and Disorder
                                                1. Temperature Effects
                                                2. The Law of Mass Action
                                                  1. Expression for Chemical Equilibria
                                                    1. Application to Aqueous Systems
                                                    2. Equilibrium Constants
                                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                                        1. Dependence on Temperature and Pressure
                                                          1. Standard State Conventions
                                                          2. Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium
                                                            1. Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                              1. Van't Hoff Equation
                                                                1. Pressure Effects on Equilibria
                                                              2. Chemical Kinetics
                                                                1. Reaction Rates and Rate Laws
                                                                  1. Order of Reaction
                                                                    1. Rate Constants
                                                                      1. Elementary vs. Complex Reactions
                                                                      2. Activation Energy
                                                                        1. Arrhenius Equation
                                                                          1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                            1. Transition State Theory
                                                                            2. Catalysis and Inhibition
                                                                              1. Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                1. Heterogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                  1. Enzymatic Catalysis
                                                                                    1. Inhibitory Effects
                                                                                    2. Residence Time
                                                                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                        1. Significance in Natural Waters
                                                                                          1. Relationship to Reaction Extent
                                                                                        2. Units of Measurement
                                                                                          1. Concentration Units
                                                                                            1. Molarity and Molality
                                                                                              1. Mass and Mole Fractions
                                                                                                1. Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
                                                                                                2. Partial Pressure
                                                                                                  1. Definition and Role in Gas Exchange
                                                                                                    1. Henry's Law Applications
                                                                                                    2. Activity and Activity Coefficients
                                                                                                      1. Concept of Activity
                                                                                                        1. Activity Coefficient Models
                                                                                                          1. The Debye-Hückel Equation
                                                                                                            1. Extended Debye-Hückel Equation
                                                                                                              1. Davies Equation
                                                                                                                1. Pitzer Equations
                                                                                                                  1. Limitations and Applicability

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                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Aqueous Geochemistry

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                                                                                                              3. Acid-Base Equilibria