Aqueous Geochemistry

  1. Acid-Base Equilibria
    1. Definitions of Acids and Bases
      1. Arrhenius Theory
        1. Brønsted-Lowry Theory
          1. Lewis Theory
            1. Applications in Aqueous Geochemistry
            2. The Dissociation of Water and pH
              1. The Ion Product of Water
                1. The pH Scale
                  1. Definition and Calculation
                    1. pOH and Relationship to pH
                      1. pH Measurement Techniques
                      2. Temperature Effects on pH
                      3. Strong Acids and Bases
                        1. Complete Dissociation
                          1. pH Calculations
                            1. Environmental Examples
                            2. Weak Acids and Bases
                              1. Partial Dissociation
                                1. Acid Dissociation Constants
                                  1. Base Dissociation Constants
                                    1. pH Calculations for Weak Systems
                                    2. The Carbonate System
                                      1. Dissolution of Carbon Dioxide
                                        1. Henry's Law
                                          1. CO2 Solubility in Water
                                            1. Temperature and Pressure Effects
                                            2. Carbonic Acid and its Dissociation
                                              1. Formation of H2CO3
                                                1. First Dissociation to HCO3-
                                                  1. Second Dissociation to CO32-
                                                    1. Equilibrium Constants for Each Step
                                                    2. Open vs. Closed Carbonate Systems
                                                      1. Definitions and Examples
                                                        1. Implications for pH and Alkalinity
                                                          1. Natural System Examples
                                                          2. pH Buffering by the Carbonate System
                                                            1. Buffering Capacity
                                                              1. Importance in Natural Waters
                                                                1. Buffer Intensity
                                                              2. Alkalinity and Acidity
                                                                1. Defining Alkalinity
                                                                  1. Total Alkalinity
                                                                    1. Carbonate Alkalinity
                                                                      1. Components of Alkalinity
                                                                        1. Measurement Units
                                                                        2. Defining Acidity
                                                                          1. Mineral Acidity
                                                                            1. CO2 Acidity
                                                                              1. Sources of Acidity
                                                                                1. Measurement Units
                                                                                2. Measurement and Titration
                                                                                  1. Gran Titration Method
                                                                                    1. Titration Curves
                                                                                      1. Endpoints and Interpretation
                                                                                        1. Quality Control
                                                                                      2. Other Natural Buffer Systems
                                                                                        1. Silicate Buffering
                                                                                          1. Weathering Reactions
                                                                                            1. Long-term pH Control
                                                                                            2. Phosphate System
                                                                                              1. Buffering Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Environmental Relevance
                                                                                                2. Borate System
                                                                                                  1. Marine Applications
                                                                                                  2. Organic Acid Systems
                                                                                                    1. Humic and Fulvic Acids
                                                                                                      1. Soil and Sediment Buffering

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                                                                                                  2. Fundamental Principles

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                                                                                                  4. Mineral-Water Interactions