Virology

5.

Viral Genetics and Evolution

5.1.

Sources of Genetic Variation

5.1.1.

5.1.1.1.

Types of Mutations

5.1.1.2.

High Error Rates of Viral Polymerases

5.1.2.

5.1.2.1.

Homologous Recombination

5.1.2.2.

Non-homologous Recombination

5.1.3.

5.1.3.1.

Segmented Viruses

5.1.3.2.

Antigenic Shift

5.2.

Viral Evolution

5.2.1.

Quasispecies Concept

5.2.2.

Selective Pressures

5.2.2.1.

Host Immune System

5.2.2.2.

Antiviral Drugs

5.2.2.3.

Environmental Factors

5.2.3.

Co-evolution with Hosts

5.2.3.1.

Host Adaptation

5.2.3.2.

5.3.

Emergence of New Viruses

5.3.1.

Zoonotic Transmission

5.3.2.

Host Range Expansion

5.3.3.

Cross-Species Transmission

5.3.4.

Factors Influencing Emergence

5.3.4.1.

Environmental Change

5.3.4.2.

5.3.4.3.

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4. Viral Replication Cycles

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6. Pathogenesis of Viral Infections