Urban Ecology

6.

Applied Urban Ecology and Sustainable Design

6.1.

Green Infrastructure

6.1.1.

Definition and Principles

6.1.1.1.

Multifunctionality

6.1.1.2.

Resilience and Adaptation

6.1.1.3.

Network Connectivity

6.1.2.

Types of Green Infrastructure

6.1.2.1.

6.1.2.1.1.

Extensive vs. Intensive Systems

6.1.2.1.2.

Design and Implementation

6.1.2.1.3.

Ecological Benefits

6.1.2.1.4.

Maintenance Requirements

6.1.2.2.

6.1.2.2.1.

Living Walls and Facades

6.1.2.2.2.

Microclimate Effects

6.1.2.2.3.

Installation Methods

6.1.2.3.

6.1.2.3.1.

Stormwater Management Functions

6.1.2.3.2.

Plant Selection and Maintenance

6.1.2.3.3.

Design Specifications

6.1.2.4.

6.1.2.4.1.

Water Filtration and Flow Control

6.1.2.4.2.

Vegetation Selection

6.1.2.5.

Permeable Pavements

6.1.2.5.1.

Materials and Installation

6.1.2.5.2.

Hydrological Benefits

6.1.2.5.3.

Maintenance Considerations

6.1.2.6.

Urban Forests and Tree Canopies

6.1.2.6.1.

Urban Tree Planting and Care

6.1.2.6.2.

Canopy Cover Assessment

6.1.2.6.3.

Species Selection

6.1.2.7.

Constructed Wetlands

6.1.2.7.1.

Water Treatment and Habitat Creation

6.1.2.7.2.

Design Parameters

6.1.3.

Planning and Implementation

6.1.3.1.

Site Assessment

6.1.3.2.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

6.1.3.3.

Performance Monitoring

6.2.

Urban Restoration and Conservation

6.2.1.

Ecological Restoration of Degraded Sites

6.2.1.1.

Site Assessment and Planning

6.2.1.2.

Restoration Techniques

6.2.1.3.

Success Criteria

6.2.2.

Conservation of Urban Biodiversity Hotspots

6.2.2.1.

Identification and Prioritization

6.2.2.2.

Protection Strategies

6.2.2.3.

Management Plans

6.2.3.

Designing for Wildlife Connectivity

6.2.3.1.

Corridors and Stepping Stones

6.2.3.2.

Overcoming Urban Barriers

6.2.3.3.

Landscape Permeability

6.2.4.

Habitat Creation

6.2.4.1.

Artificial Habitat Construction

6.2.4.2.

Species-Specific Habitat Design

6.3.

Sustainable Urban Planning and Management

6.3.1.

Biophilic Design

6.3.1.1.

Principles and Applications

6.3.1.2.

Health and Well-being Benefits

6.3.1.3.

Design Elements

6.3.2.

Compact City vs. Urban Sprawl

6.3.2.1.

Ecological Impacts of Urban Form

6.3.2.2.

Strategies for Densification

6.3.2.3.

Transit-Oriented Development

6.3.3.

Integrating Ecology into Land-Use Planning

6.3.3.1.

Ecological Zoning

6.3.3.2.

Green Space Networks

6.3.3.3.

Ecosystem Service Mapping

6.3.4.

Adaptive Management of Urban Green Spaces

6.3.4.1.

Monitoring and Feedback

6.3.4.2.

Community Involvement

6.3.4.3.

Adaptive Strategies

6.3.5.

Smart City Technologies

6.3.5.1.

Environmental Monitoring Systems

6.3.5.2.

Data-Driven Management

6.4.

Urban Food Systems

6.4.1.

Community Gardens

6.4.1.1.

Social and Ecological Functions

6.4.1.2.

Management Models

6.4.1.3.

Site Selection and Design

6.4.2.

Rooftop Farming

6.4.2.1.

Technical Considerations

6.4.2.2.

Productivity and Challenges

6.4.2.3.

Economic Viability

6.4.3.

Vertical Agriculture

6.4.3.1.

Hydroponics and Aeroponics

6.4.3.2.

Urban Food Security

6.4.3.3.

Energy Requirements

6.4.4.

Peri-urban Agriculture

6.4.4.1.

Land Use and Policy Issues

6.4.4.2.

Role in Urban Food Supply

6.4.4.3.

Agricultural Preservation

6.4.5.

6.4.5.1.

Permaculture Principles

6.4.5.2.

Multi-story Agriculture

6.5.

Climate Change in Cities

6.5.1.

Urban Contributions to Climate Change

6.5.1.1.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

6.5.1.2.

Energy Consumption Patterns

6.5.1.3.

Transportation Emissions

6.5.2.

Vulnerability of Cities to Climate Impacts

6.5.2.1.

Heatwaves and Extreme Weather

6.5.2.2.

Flooding and Sea Level Rise

6.5.2.3.

Drought and Water Scarcity

6.5.3.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

6.5.3.1.

Urban Greening for Climate Resilience

6.5.3.2.

Policy and Planning Responses

6.5.3.3.

Nature-Based Solutions

6.5.4.

Climate Justice

6.5.4.1.

Vulnerable Populations

6.5.4.2.

Equitable Adaptation

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7. Methods and Tools for Studying Urban Ecosystems