Urban Ecology

  1. Urban Ecosystem Services
    1. Conceptual Framework
      1. Definition and Classification
        1. Regulating Services
          1. Provisioning Services
            1. Cultural Services
              1. Supporting Services
              2. Linking Ecosystem Structure to Function and Services
                1. Functional Traits and Service Delivery
                  1. Trade-offs and Synergies
                    1. Service Bundles
                    2. Valuation Methods
                      1. Economic Valuation Approaches
                        1. Non-monetary Valuation
                          1. Participatory Valuation
                        2. Regulating Services
                          1. Climate Regulation
                            1. Urban Vegetation and Temperature Moderation
                              1. Carbon Sequestration
                                1. Albedo Effects
                                  1. Evapotranspiration Cooling
                                  2. Air Quality Improvement
                                    1. Pollutant Removal by Plants
                                      1. Role of Urban Forests
                                        1. Deposition and Uptake Mechanisms
                                        2. Noise Reduction
                                          1. Vegetation Barriers
                                            1. Urban Design for Sound Mitigation
                                              1. Acoustic Properties of Green Spaces
                                              2. Stormwater Mitigation and Water Purification
                                                1. Green Infrastructure Solutions
                                                  1. Water Filtration by Soils and Plants
                                                    1. Flood Risk Reduction
                                                    2. Pollination
                                                      1. Urban Pollinator Habitats
                                                        1. Importance for Food Production
                                                          1. Pollination Service Mapping
                                                          2. Pest and Disease Control
                                                            1. Natural Enemy Conservation
                                                              1. Biological Control Services
                                                            2. Provisioning Services
                                                              1. Urban Agriculture
                                                                1. Food Production
                                                                  1. Fiber and Non-food Products
                                                                    1. Medicinal Plants
                                                                    2. Fresh Water Supply
                                                                      1. Urban Water Sources
                                                                        1. Water Conservation Strategies
                                                                          1. Rainwater Harvesting
                                                                          2. Biomass and Bioenergy
                                                                            1. Urban Wood Production
                                                                              1. Organic Waste to Energy
                                                                            2. Cultural Services
                                                                              1. Recreation and Tourism
                                                                                1. Parks and Greenways
                                                                                  1. Urban Nature Tourism
                                                                                    1. Recreational Value Assessment
                                                                                    2. Aesthetic Value and Sense of Place
                                                                                      1. Landscape Design and Visual Quality
                                                                                        1. Cultural Identity and Heritage
                                                                                          1. Property Value Enhancement
                                                                                          2. Educational and Scientific Opportunities
                                                                                            1. Outdoor Classrooms
                                                                                              1. Citizen Science Initiatives
                                                                                                1. Research Infrastructure
                                                                                                2. Spiritual and Therapeutic Benefits
                                                                                                  1. Nature and Well-being
                                                                                                    1. Sacred and Contemplative Spaces
                                                                                                      1. Therapeutic Landscapes
                                                                                                    2. Supporting Services
                                                                                                      1. Habitat Provision
                                                                                                        1. Urban Habitats for Wildlife
                                                                                                          1. Connectivity and Corridors
                                                                                                            1. Breeding and Nesting Sites
                                                                                                            2. Soil Formation
                                                                                                              1. Urban Soil Processes
                                                                                                                1. Role in Plant Growth
                                                                                                                  1. Soil Development Timescales
                                                                                                                  2. Primary Production
                                                                                                                    1. Urban Plant Productivity
                                                                                                                      1. Contribution to Urban Food Webs
                                                                                                                        1. Biomass Accumulation
                                                                                                                        2. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                          1. Decomposition Processes
                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Retention and Release

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                                                                                                                        3. Urban Biodiversity and Community Ecology

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                                                                                                                        5. Human Dimensions in Urban Ecology