Urban Ecology

  1. The Urban Environment: Structure and Function
    1. Abiotic Components
      1. Urban Climate
        1. The Urban Heat Island Effect
          1. Causes and Contributing Factors
            1. Surface and Atmospheric Heat Islands
              1. Impacts on Human Health and Energy Use
                1. Mitigation Strategies
                  1. Measurement and Monitoring
                  2. Wind Patterns and Urban Canyons
                    1. Effects of Building Geometry
                      1. Street Canyon Dynamics
                        1. Microclimate Variability
                          1. Ventilation and Air Quality
                          2. Precipitation and Fog Alteration
                            1. Changes in Rainfall Patterns
                              1. Urban Effects on Humidity and Fog
                                1. Convective Precipitation
                                2. Solar Radiation and Shading
                                  1. Building Shadows and Light Availability
                                    1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
                                  2. Urban Hydrology
                                    1. Impervious Surfaces and Runoff
                                      1. Effects on Infiltration and Groundwater Recharge
                                        1. Flooding and Erosion Risks
                                          1. Peak Flow Alterations
                                          2. Stormwater Management
                                            1. Traditional vs. Green Infrastructure Approaches
                                              1. Retention, Detention, and Infiltration Systems
                                                1. Best Management Practices
                                                2. Altered Stream Channels
                                                  1. Channelization and Culverting
                                                    1. Urban Stream Syndrome
                                                      1. Stream Restoration Approaches
                                                      2. Groundwater Systems
                                                        1. Urban Aquifers
                                                          1. Contamination Sources
                                                            1. Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions
                                                          2. Urban Geomorphology and Soils
                                                            1. Technosols and Urban Soil Composition
                                                              1. Soil Formation in Urban Areas
                                                                1. Anthropogenic Soil Layers
                                                                  1. Soil Classification Systems
                                                                  2. Soil Compaction and Contamination
                                                                    1. Causes and Consequences
                                                                      1. Heavy Metal Contamination
                                                                        1. Remediation Techniques
                                                                          1. Soil Quality Assessment
                                                                          2. Topographic Modifications
                                                                            1. Cut and Fill Operations
                                                                              1. Artificial Landforms
                                                                                1. Slope Stability Issues
                                                                              2. Urban Atmosphere
                                                                                1. Air Pollution
                                                                                  1. Particulate Matter
                                                                                    1. PM2.5 and PM10
                                                                                      1. Sources and Health Effects
                                                                                      2. Nitrogen Oxides
                                                                                        1. Formation and Transport
                                                                                          1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                          2. Sulfur Oxides
                                                                                            1. Sources and Acid Deposition
                                                                                            2. Ozone
                                                                                              1. Photochemical Formation
                                                                                                1. Health and Vegetation Effects
                                                                                                2. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                                  1. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                                    1. Air Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                    2. Light Pollution
                                                                                                      1. Types and Sources
                                                                                                        1. Ecological and Human Effects
                                                                                                          1. Dark Sky Preservation
                                                                                                          2. Noise Pollution
                                                                                                            1. Major Sources
                                                                                                              1. Impacts on Wildlife and Humans
                                                                                                                1. Noise Mapping and Assessment
                                                                                                            2. Biotic Components
                                                                                                              1. Urban Flora
                                                                                                                1. Spontaneous Vegetation
                                                                                                                  1. Ruderal and Pioneer Species
                                                                                                                    1. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                      1. Succession Patterns
                                                                                                                      2. Cultivated Vegetation
                                                                                                                        1. Ornamental and Managed Plants
                                                                                                                          1. Urban Forestry Practices
                                                                                                                            1. Horticultural Diversity
                                                                                                                            2. Remnant Natural Patches
                                                                                                                              1. Conservation Value
                                                                                                                                1. Management Challenges
                                                                                                                                  1. Restoration Potential
                                                                                                                                  2. Street Trees and Managed Landscapes
                                                                                                                                    1. Selection and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                      1. Ecosystem Services Provided
                                                                                                                                        1. Tree Health and Mortality
                                                                                                                                        2. Plant Community Assembly
                                                                                                                                          1. Dispersal and Establishment
                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Filtering
                                                                                                                                              1. Priority Effects
                                                                                                                                            2. Urban Fauna
                                                                                                                                              1. Synanthropic Species
                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Examples
                                                                                                                                                  1. Adaptations to Urban Life
                                                                                                                                                    1. Behavioral Modifications
                                                                                                                                                    2. Urban Adapters
                                                                                                                                                      1. Characteristics and Examples
                                                                                                                                                        1. Phenotypic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                        2. Urban Avoiders
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sensitivity to Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat Requirements
                                                                                                                                                            2. Urban Exploiters
                                                                                                                                                              1. Traits and Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                1. Population Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                2. Domesticated Animals as Ecological Actors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pets and Feral Populations
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Impacts on Urban Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Management Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Invertebrate Communities
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Arthropod Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pollinator Communities
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Energy and Material Flows
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Inputs and Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sources of Urban Energy
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Patterns of Use and Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renewable Energy Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water Cycle in the City
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urban Water Supply and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Balance and Budgets
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbon Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Carbon Sources and Sinks
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Carbon Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vegetation Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Urban Nitrogen Inputs and Outputs
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Nitrogen Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phosphorus Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sources and Management in Urban Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Eutrophication Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Waste Streams and Material Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Solid Waste Generation and Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Recycling and Circular Economy Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hazardous Waste in Urban Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Waste and Composting

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                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foundations of Urban Ecology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Urban Biodiversity and Community Ecology