Urban Ecology

  1. Urban Biodiversity and Community Ecology
    1. Patterns of Species Distribution
      1. The Urban-Rural Gradient
        1. Changes in Species Composition
          1. Edge Effects and Transitional Zones
            1. Gradient Analysis Methods
            2. Species Richness and Abundance
              1. Factors Influencing Urban Biodiversity
                1. Patterns Across Urban Landscapes
                  1. Scale-Dependent Relationships
                  2. Biotic Homogenization
                    1. Causes and Consequences
                      1. Global Patterns in Urban Areas
                        1. Taxonomic and Functional Homogenization
                        2. Beta Diversity Patterns
                          1. Spatial Turnover
                            1. Nestedness vs. Turnover
                          2. Urban Habitats and Niches
                            1. Green Spaces
                              1. Parks and Cemeteries
                                1. Biodiversity Value
                                  1. Management Practices
                                    1. Size and Design Effects
                                    2. Private Gardens and Yards
                                      1. Role in Urban Biodiversity
                                        1. Socioeconomic Influences
                                          1. Management Intensity
                                          2. Golf Courses
                                            1. Habitat Potential and Limitations
                                              1. Management Practices
                                              2. Urban Forests
                                                1. Forest Fragments
                                                  1. Planted Forests
                                                    1. Forest Structure and Composition
                                                  2. Blue Spaces
                                                    1. Rivers, Ponds, and Canals
                                                      1. Aquatic and Riparian Habitats
                                                        1. Water Quality Issues
                                                          1. Flow Modifications
                                                          2. Constructed Wetlands
                                                            1. Design and Ecological Functions
                                                              1. Treatment Wetlands
                                                              2. Stormwater Ponds
                                                                1. Habitat Value
                                                                  1. Management Considerations
                                                                2. Gray Spaces
                                                                  1. Buildings and Structures as Habitats
                                                                    1. Rooftops, Walls, and Basements
                                                                      1. Urban Wildlife Adaptations
                                                                        1. Green Building Integration
                                                                        2. Transportation Corridors
                                                                          1. Roads, Railways, and Ecological Barriers
                                                                            1. Wildlife Crossings and Connectivity
                                                                              1. Roadside Habitats
                                                                            2. Brownfields and Vacant Lots
                                                                              1. Ecological Succession
                                                                                1. Opportunities for Restoration
                                                                                  1. Interim Uses and Management
                                                                                  2. Novel Habitats
                                                                                    1. Artificial Substrates
                                                                                      1. Unique Urban Microhabitats
                                                                                    2. Species Interactions in Urban Settings
                                                                                      1. Competition
                                                                                        1. Native vs. Non-native Species
                                                                                          1. Resource Partitioning
                                                                                            1. Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                            2. Predation and Predator-Prey Dynamics
                                                                                              1. Urban Predator Communities
                                                                                                1. Effects on Prey Populations
                                                                                                  1. Trophic Cascades
                                                                                                  2. Pollination Networks
                                                                                                    1. Urban Pollinators
                                                                                                      1. Plant-Pollinator Interactions
                                                                                                        1. Network Structure and Stability
                                                                                                        2. Seed Dispersal
                                                                                                          1. Animal-Mediated Dispersal
                                                                                                            1. Human-Mediated Dispersal
                                                                                                              1. Wind and Water Dispersal
                                                                                                                1. Barriers and Corridors
                                                                                                                2. Mutualistic Interactions
                                                                                                                  1. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                                                    1. Ant-Plant Mutualisms
                                                                                                                    2. Parasitism and Disease
                                                                                                                      1. Urban Disease Dynamics
                                                                                                                        1. Vector-Borne Diseases
                                                                                                                      2. Invasive Species and Pests
                                                                                                                        1. Pathways of Introduction
                                                                                                                          1. Trade, Transport, and Horticulture
                                                                                                                            1. Intentional and Accidental Releases
                                                                                                                              1. Pathway Analysis
                                                                                                                              2. Ecological and Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                1. Effects on Native Species and Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                  1. Costs to Urban Infrastructure and Health
                                                                                                                                    1. Ecosystem Service Disruption
                                                                                                                                    2. Management and Control
                                                                                                                                      1. Prevention and Early Detection
                                                                                                                                        1. Eradication and Containment Strategies
                                                                                                                                          1. Biological Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Public Engagement in Management
                                                                                                                                            2. Invasion Biology Theory
                                                                                                                                              1. Propagule Pressure
                                                                                                                                                1. Enemy Release Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Novel Weapons Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                2. Human-Wildlife Interactions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Conflict and Nuisance Wildlife
                                                                                                                                                    1. Common Urban Conflicts
                                                                                                                                                      1. Management Approaches
                                                                                                                                                        1. Damage Assessment
                                                                                                                                                        2. Coexistence Strategies
                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Wildlife Corridors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Community Education and Outreach
                                                                                                                                                              1. Conflict Prevention
                                                                                                                                                              2. Provision of Food and Shelter by Humans
                                                                                                                                                                1. Bird Feeders and Nest Boxes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Unintentional Food Sources
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wildlife Feeding Policies
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wildlife Disease and Public Health
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Zoonotic Disease Risks
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disease Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                          1. One Health Approaches

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                                                                                                                                                                      4. Urban Ecosystem Services