Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, serving as a powerful tool to probe the properties of a substance. It operates by measuring the spectrum—the intensity of radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency—that is absorbed, emitted, or scattered by atoms and molecules. Because each element and compound has a unique spectral "fingerprint," analyzing these spectra allows scientists to determine a sample's chemical composition, physical state, temperature, and atomic or molecular structure, making it an indispensable technique in fields ranging from astrophysics and materials science to chemistry and medicine.
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.1.1.
1.2.1.1.1.
1.2.1.1.2.
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1.2.1.2.1.
1.2.1.2.2.
1.2.1.3.
1.2.1.3.1.
1.2.1.3.2.
1.2.1.4.
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1.2.2.2.1.
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1.2.3.1.
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1.2.3.4.3.
1.2.3.4.4.
1.2.3.5.
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1.3.1.3.1.
1.3.1.3.1.1.
1.3.1.3.2.
1.3.1.3.2.1.
1.3.1.4.
1.3.1.4.1.
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1.3.1.5.
1.3.1.5.1.
1.3.1.5.2.
1.3.2.1.
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1.3.2.1.4.
1.3.2.1.4.1.
1.3.2.1.4.2.
1.3.2.2.
1.3.2.2.1.
1.3.2.2.2.
1.3.2.2.3.
1.3.2.2.4.
1.3.2.3.
1.3.2.3.2.
1.3.2.4.
1.3.2.5.
1.3.2.5.1.
1.3.2.5.2.
1.3.2.5.3.