Spectroscopy

  1. Molecular Spectroscopy
    1. Rotational Spectroscopy
      1. Principles
        1. Molecular Rotation
          1. Moment of Inertia
            1. Rotational Constants
            2. Rigid Rotor Model
              1. Assumptions
                1. Energy Level Expression
                  1. Rotational Quantum Numbers
                  2. Selection Rules
                    1. Dipole Moment Requirement
                      1. Change in Rotational Quantum Number
                      2. Spectral Features
                        1. Line Positions
                          1. Line Intensities
                            1. Temperature Dependence
                            2. Instrumentation
                              1. Microwave Sources
                                1. Klystrons
                                  1. Gunn Diodes
                                  2. Waveguides
                                    1. Resonant Cavities
                                      1. Detectors
                                        1. Crystal Detectors
                                          1. Bolometers
                                        2. Applications
                                          1. Bond Length Determination
                                            1. Bond Angle Determination
                                              1. Molecular Structure Elucidation
                                                1. Isotopic Substitution Studies
                                              2. Vibrational Spectroscopy
                                                1. Infrared Spectroscopy
                                                  1. Principles
                                                    1. Molecular Vibrations
                                                      1. Dipole Moment Changes
                                                        1. Vibrational Modes
                                                        2. Types of Molecular Vibrations
                                                          1. Stretching Vibrations
                                                            1. Symmetric Stretching
                                                              1. Asymmetric Stretching
                                                              2. Bending Vibrations
                                                                1. In-plane Bending
                                                                  1. Out-of-plane Bending
                                                                2. Harmonic Oscillator Model
                                                                  1. Energy Quantization
                                                                    1. Vibrational Quantum Numbers
                                                                      1. Zero-Point Energy
                                                                      2. Anharmonicity
                                                                        1. Morse Potential
                                                                          1. Overtones
                                                                            1. Combination Bands
                                                                              1. Hot Bands
                                                                              2. Normal Modes
                                                                                1. Degrees of Freedom
                                                                                  1. Linear Molecules
                                                                                    1. Nonlinear Molecules
                                                                                      1. Group Theory Applications
                                                                                      2. Selection Rules
                                                                                        1. Fundamental Transitions
                                                                                          1. Overtone Transitions
                                                                                            1. Combination Transitions
                                                                                            2. Instrumentation
                                                                                              1. Dispersive IR Spectrometers
                                                                                                1. Prism Spectrometers
                                                                                                  1. Grating Spectrometers
                                                                                                  2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers
                                                                                                    1. Michelson Interferometer
                                                                                                      1. Advantages of FTIR
                                                                                                        1. Multiplex Advantage
                                                                                                          1. Throughput Advantage
                                                                                                            1. Wavenumber Accuracy
                                                                                                        2. Sample Handling Techniques
                                                                                                          1. Gas Phase Samples
                                                                                                            1. Gas Cells
                                                                                                              1. Variable Path Length Cells
                                                                                                              2. Liquid Phase Samples
                                                                                                                1. Liquid Cells
                                                                                                                  1. Solution Cells
                                                                                                                  2. Solid Phase Samples
                                                                                                                    1. KBr Pellets
                                                                                                                      1. Nujol Mulls
                                                                                                                        1. Thin Films
                                                                                                                        2. Attenuated Total Reflectance
                                                                                                                          1. ATR Crystals
                                                                                                                            1. Penetration Depth
                                                                                                                          2. Spectral Interpretation
                                                                                                                            1. Characteristic Group Frequencies
                                                                                                                              1. O-H Stretching
                                                                                                                                1. N-H Stretching
                                                                                                                                  1. C-H Stretching
                                                                                                                                    1. C=O Stretching
                                                                                                                                      1. C=C Stretching
                                                                                                                                        1. C-O Stretching
                                                                                                                                        2. Fingerprint Region
                                                                                                                                          1. Complex Vibrational Patterns
                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Identification
                                                                                                                                            2. Environmental Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                                                                1. Solvent Effects
                                                                                                                                                  1. Phase Effects
                                                                                                                                                2. Quantitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Beer-Lambert Law Applications
                                                                                                                                                    1. Baseline Correction
                                                                                                                                                      1. Peak Integration
                                                                                                                                                    2. Raman Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                      1. Principles
                                                                                                                                                        1. Raman Effect
                                                                                                                                                          1. Polarizability Changes
                                                                                                                                                            1. Virtual Energy States
                                                                                                                                                            2. Types of Raman Scattering
                                                                                                                                                              1. Stokes Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-Stokes Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rayleigh Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Polarizability Theory
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Induced Dipole Moment
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polarizability Tensor
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Selection Rules
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polarizability Change Requirement
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Comparison with IR Selection Rules
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mutual Exclusion Rule
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Laser Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Argon Ion Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Helium-Neon Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diode Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Notch Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spectrographs
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photomultiplier Tubes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CCD Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Comparison with IR Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Complementary Information
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Advantages of Raman
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Low-Frequency Vibrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Limitations of Raman
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fluorescence Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laser Power Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Advanced Raman Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enhancement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. SERS Substrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electronic Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Selective Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CARS Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structural Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Polymorphism Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Material Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electronic Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electronic Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Molecular Orbitals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chromophores and Auxochromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Types of Electronic Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. σ to σ* Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. High Energy Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. n to σ* Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heteroatom Lone Pairs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alcohols and Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. π to π* Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Conjugated Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aromatic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. n to π* Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbonyl Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lower Intensity Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chromophores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbonyl Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aromatic Rings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Conjugated Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Auxochromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Effect on Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bathochromic Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hypsochromic Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hyperchromic Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hypochromic Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Franck-Condon Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vertical Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vibrational Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Band Shapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Single-Beam Spectrophotometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Double-Beam Spectrophotometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diode Array Spectrophotometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Light Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deuterium Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tungsten Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Xenon Arc Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Monochromators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Photomultiplier Tubes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Photodiodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CCD Arrays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Quantitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Beer-Lambert Law Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calibration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Standard Addition Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Internal Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multicomponent Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Concentration Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Kinetic Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Equilibrium Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conjugated System Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protein and Nucleic Acid Analysis

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Atomic Spectroscopy

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy