Separation Processes

7.

7.1.

Principles of Leaching

7.1.1.

Solute Transfer from Solid to Liquid

7.1.2.

Leaching Mechanisms

7.1.2.1.

7.1.2.2.

Diffusion Through Solid

7.1.2.3.

Chemical Reaction

7.1.3.

Factors Affecting Leaching Rate

7.1.3.1.

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.3.

7.1.3.4.

Solvent Properties

7.2.

Leaching Equilibrium

7.2.1.

Solubility Relationships

7.2.2.

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium

7.2.3.

Adsorption Effects

7.3.

Leaching Kinetics

7.3.1.

Shrinking Core Model

7.3.2.

Unreacted Core Model

7.3.3.

Mass Transfer Resistances

7.4.

Leaching Equipment

7.4.1.

Percolation Systems

7.4.1.1.

Fixed-Bed Leaching

7.4.1.2.

7.4.1.3.

In-Situ Leaching

7.4.2.

Agitated Vessels

7.4.2.1.

7.4.2.2.

Continuous Stirred Tank

7.4.3.

Continuous Counter-Current Systems

7.4.3.1.

Multistage Leaching

7.4.3.2.

Thickener Circuits

7.5.

Analysis of Leaching Systems

7.5.1.

Material Balances

7.5.2.

Stage Calculations

7.5.3.

Recovery Calculations

7.5.4.

Underflow and Overflow Analysis

7.6.

7.6.1.

Metallurgical Leaching

7.6.2.

Food Processing

7.6.3.

Pharmaceutical Extraction

7.6.4.

Environmental Remediation

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6. Liquid-Liquid Extraction

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8. Crystallization