Separation Processes

6.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

6.1.

Principles of Extraction

6.1.1.

Distribution of Solute Between Phases

6.1.2.

Partition Coefficient

6.1.3.

Extraction Factor

6.1.4.

6.2.

Solvent Selection Criteria

6.2.1.

Selectivity Factor

6.2.2.

6.2.3.

Physical Properties

6.2.3.1.

Density Difference

6.2.3.2.

6.2.3.3.

Interfacial Tension

6.2.4.

Chemical Compatibility

6.2.5.

Toxicity and Environmental Impact

6.2.6.

Solvent Recovery

6.2.7.

Economic Considerations

6.3.

Equilibrium in Extraction

6.3.1.

Ternary Diagrams

6.3.1.1.

Equilateral Triangle Representation

6.3.1.2.

Right-Triangle Representation

6.3.1.3.

Rectangular Coordinates

6.3.2.

Tie Lines and Binodal Curves

6.3.3.

6.3.4.

Distribution Coefficient

6.3.5.

Temperature Effects

6.4.

Single-Stage Extraction

6.4.1.

Material Balance Calculations

6.4.2.

Lever Rule Application

6.4.3.

Extract and Raffinate Compositions

6.4.4.

Extraction Efficiency

6.5.

Multistage Extraction

6.5.1.

Cross-Current Extraction

6.5.1.1.

Stagewise Calculations

6.5.1.2.

Solvent Distribution

6.5.2.

Counter-Current Extraction

6.5.2.1.

Operating Line Construction

6.5.2.2.

Number of Stages Determination

6.5.2.3.

Minimum Solvent Rate

6.5.2.4.

Graphical Methods

6.6.

Extraction Equipment

6.6.1.

6.6.1.1.

Mixing Zone Design

6.6.1.2.

Settling Zone Design

6.6.1.3.

6.6.2.

6.6.2.1.

6.6.2.2.

6.6.2.3.

6.6.3.

Sieve-Tray Columns

6.6.3.1.

6.6.3.2.

6.6.4.

Centrifugal Extractors

6.6.4.1.

Principle of Operation

6.6.4.2.

Types of Centrifugal Extractors

6.6.5.

6.6.5.1.

Pulsation Effects

6.6.5.2.

Design Parameters

6.7.

Special Extraction Processes

6.7.1.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction

6.7.2.

Reactive Extraction

6.7.3.

Extractive Fermentation

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7. Leaching