Separation Processes

4.

4.1.

Principles of Distillation

4.1.1.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Distillation

4.1.2.

Relative Volatility

4.1.3.

Separation Factor

4.1.4.

Theoretical Stages

4.2.

Types of Distillation Operations

4.2.1.

Flash Distillation

4.2.1.1.

Single-Stage Flash

4.2.1.2.

Material and Energy Balances

4.2.1.3.

Flash Calculations

4.2.2.

Batch Distillation

4.2.2.1.

Simple Batch Distillation

4.2.2.2.

Batch Rectification

4.2.2.3.

Operation and Control

4.2.2.4.

Rayleigh Equation

4.2.3.

Continuous Distillation

4.2.3.1.

Steady-State Operation

4.2.3.2.

Feed and Product Streams

4.2.3.3.

Column Configuration

4.3.

Binary Distillation

4.3.1.

McCabe-Thiele Method

4.3.1.1.

Equilibrium Curve Construction

4.3.1.2.

Operating Lines

4.3.1.2.1.

Rectifying Section Operating Line

4.3.1.2.2.

Stripping Section Operating Line

4.3.1.3.

Feed Line Construction

4.3.1.4.

Determining Theoretical Stages

4.3.1.5.

Reflux Ratio Effects

4.3.1.6.

Minimum Reflux Ratio

4.3.1.7.

Total Reflux Conditions

4.3.1.8.

Pinch Point Analysis

4.3.1.9.

Optimum Reflux Ratio

4.3.2.

Ponchon-Savarit Method

4.3.2.1.

Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams

4.3.2.2.

Energy Balances

4.3.2.3.

Graphical Construction

4.4.

Multicomponent Distillation

4.4.1.

4.4.1.1.

Light Key Component

4.4.1.2.

Heavy Key Component

4.4.1.3.

Non-Key Components

4.4.2.

Shortcut Methods

4.4.2.1.

Fenske Equation

4.4.2.2.

Underwood Equation

4.4.2.3.

Gilliland Correlation

4.4.2.4.

4.4.3.

Rigorous Solution Methods

4.4.3.1.

Bubble-Point Method

4.4.3.2.

Sum-Rates Method

4.4.3.3.

Newton-Raphson Method

4.4.3.4.

Computer-Aided Simulation

4.4.4.

Complex Column Configurations

4.4.4.1.

4.4.4.2.

4.4.4.3.

4.5.

Specialized Distillation Techniques

4.5.1.

Azeotropic Distillation

4.5.1.1.

Entrainer Selection Criteria

4.5.1.2.

Process Flowsheets

4.5.1.3.

Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation

4.5.2.

Extractive Distillation

4.5.2.1.

Solvent Selection

4.5.2.2.

Process Design Considerations

4.5.2.3.

Solvent Recovery

4.5.3.

Steam Distillation

4.5.3.1.

Applications and Limitations

4.5.3.2.

Steam Requirements

4.5.4.

Vacuum Distillation

4.5.4.1.

Pressure Effects on Separation

4.5.4.2.

Vacuum System Design

4.5.5.

Pressure-Swing Distillation

4.5.5.1.

Pressure-Sensitive Azeotropes

4.5.5.2.

Process Integration

4.5.6.

Reactive Distillation

4.5.6.1.

Simultaneous Reaction and Separation

4.5.6.2.

Catalyst Integration

4.6.

Distillation Column Equipment

4.6.1.

4.6.1.1.

4.6.1.2.

4.6.1.3.

Bubble-Cap Trays

4.6.1.4.

Tray Hydraulics

4.6.1.5.

Tray Design Parameters

4.6.1.6.

Downcomer Design

4.6.2.

4.6.2.1.

4.6.2.1.1.

4.6.2.1.2.

4.6.2.1.3.

4.6.2.2.

Structured Packing

4.6.2.2.1.

Sheet Metal Packing

4.6.2.2.2.

Wire Gauze Packing

4.6.2.3.

Packing Selection Criteria

4.6.2.4.

Packing Support Systems

4.6.3.

Column Internals

4.6.3.1.

4.6.3.1.1.

Thermosiphon Reboilers

4.6.3.1.2.

Forced Circulation Reboilers

4.6.3.1.3.

Kettle Reboilers

4.6.3.2.

4.6.3.2.1.

Total Condensers

4.6.3.2.2.

Partial Condensers

4.6.3.3.

Feed Distributors

4.6.3.4.

Liquid Distributors

4.6.3.5.

Vapor Distributors

4.6.3.6.

4.7.

Column Efficiency and Performance

4.7.1.

Tray Efficiency

4.7.1.1.

Murphree Efficiency

4.7.1.2.

Overall Column Efficiency

4.7.1.3.

Point Efficiency

4.7.2.

Packed Column Efficiency

4.7.2.1.

Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate

4.7.2.2.

Mass Transfer Efficiency

4.7.3.

Hydraulic Performance

4.7.3.1.

4.7.3.2.

4.7.3.3.

4.7.3.4.

4.7.4.

Scale-Up Considerations

4.7.5.

Troubleshooting and Optimization

Previous

3. Mass Transfer Fundamentals

Go to top

Next

5. Gas Absorption and Stripping