Separation Processes

  1. Membrane Separation Processes
    1. Membrane Fundamentals
      1. Membrane Structure and Morphology
        1. Dense Membranes
          1. Porous Membranes
            1. Asymmetric Membranes
            2. Transport Mechanisms
              1. Solution-Diffusion Model
                1. Pore Flow Model
                  1. Facilitated Transport
                  2. Membrane Selectivity
                    1. Permeability and Permeance
                    2. Membrane Materials
                      1. Polymeric Membranes
                        1. Cellulose Acetate
                          1. Polyamide
                            1. Polysulfone
                              1. Polyimide
                              2. Ceramic Membranes
                                1. Alumina
                                  1. Zirconia
                                    1. Titania
                                    2. Composite Membranes
                                      1. Thin Film Composite
                                        1. Mixed Matrix Membranes
                                        2. Membrane Modification
                                        3. Membrane Modules
                                          1. Plate-and-Frame Modules
                                            1. Spiral Wound Modules
                                              1. Hollow Fiber Modules
                                                1. Tubular Modules
                                                  1. Module Selection Criteria
                                                  2. Pressure-Driven Processes
                                                    1. Microfiltration
                                                      1. Pore Size Range
                                                        1. Membrane Materials
                                                        2. Ultrafiltration
                                                          1. Molecular Weight Cut-Off
                                                            1. Protein Separation
                                                              1. Water Treatment
                                                              2. Nanofiltration
                                                                1. Ion Rejection
                                                                  1. Organic Molecule Separation
                                                                  2. Reverse Osmosis
                                                                    1. Desalination
                                                                      1. Water Purification
                                                                        1. High Pressure Operation
                                                                      2. Gas Separation
                                                                        1. Gas Permeation Mechanisms
                                                                          1. Membrane Materials for Gas Separation
                                                                            1. Applications
                                                                              1. Hydrogen Recovery
                                                                                1. CO₂ Separation
                                                                                  1. Nitrogen Generation
                                                                                2. Pervaporation
                                                                                  1. Liquid Mixture Separation
                                                                                    1. Membrane-Liquid Equilibrium
                                                                                      1. Applications
                                                                                        1. Alcohol Dehydration
                                                                                          1. Organic-Organic Separations
                                                                                        2. Other Membrane Processes
                                                                                          1. Dialysis
                                                                                            1. Concentration-Driven Transport
                                                                                              1. Hemodialysis
                                                                                              2. Electrodialysis
                                                                                                1. Ion-Selective Membranes
                                                                                                  1. Electrical Driving Force
                                                                                                    1. Desalination Applications
                                                                                                    2. Membrane Contactors
                                                                                                      1. Gas-Liquid Contacting
                                                                                                        1. Liquid-Liquid Contacting
                                                                                                      2. Membrane Process Design
                                                                                                        1. Concentration Polarization
                                                                                                          1. Boundary Layer Effects
                                                                                                            1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                            2. Membrane Fouling
                                                                                                              1. Fouling Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Fouling Control
                                                                                                                  1. Cleaning Strategies
                                                                                                                  2. Operating Parameters
                                                                                                                    1. Pressure
                                                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                                                        1. Flow Rate
                                                                                                                          1. Recovery Ratio
                                                                                                                          2. Process Configuration
                                                                                                                            1. Dead-End Filtration
                                                                                                                              1. Cross-Flow Filtration
                                                                                                                                1. Staged Systems
                                                                                                                                2. Scale-Up Considerations

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                                                                                                                              11. Filtration and Solid-Fluid Separation