Political Geography

  1. Electoral Geography
    1. The Geography of Voting
      1. Spatial Patterns of Voting Behavior
        1. Urban vs Rural Patterns
          1. City-Countryside Divide
            1. Density Effects
              1. Lifestyle Differences
              2. Regional Voting Blocs
                1. Geographic Clusters
                  1. Historical Patterns
                    1. Cultural Regions
                  2. Factors Influencing Voting Patterns
                    1. Socioeconomic Status
                      1. Income Effects
                        1. Education Levels
                          1. Class Voting
                          2. Ethnicity
                            1. Minority Voting
                              1. Ethnic Coalitions
                                1. Identity Politics
                                2. Religion
                                  1. Religious Voting
                                    1. Secular-Religious Divide
                                      1. Denominational Differences
                                      2. Regionalism
                                        1. Regional Interests
                                          1. Local Issues
                                            1. Geographic Identity
                                            2. Urban-Rural Divide
                                              1. Metropolitan Politics
                                                1. Rural Conservatism
                                                  1. Suburban Swing
                                                  2. Media Influence
                                                    1. Information Sources
                                                      1. Campaign Coverage
                                                        1. Social Media
                                                    2. Electoral Systems and their Spatial Consequences
                                                      1. Plurality Systems
                                                        1. Geographic Implications
                                                          1. Winner-Take-All Effects
                                                            1. Safe Seats
                                                              1. Swing Districts
                                                              2. Single-Member Districts
                                                                1. Constituency Representation
                                                                  1. Local Accountability
                                                                    1. Geographic Bias
                                                                  2. Proportional Representation
                                                                    1. District Magnitude and Representation
                                                                      1. Multi-Member Districts
                                                                        1. Party Lists
                                                                          1. Threshold Effects
                                                                          2. Geographic Representation
                                                                            1. Regional Balance
                                                                              1. Urban-Rural Equity
                                                                                1. Minority Representation
                                                                              2. Mixed Electoral Systems
                                                                                1. Hybrid Arrangements
                                                                                  1. Compensatory Mechanisms
                                                                                    1. Geographic Balance
                                                                                  2. The Geography of Representation
                                                                                    1. Apportionment and Reapportionment
                                                                                      1. Population Shifts
                                                                                        1. Census Data
                                                                                          1. Demographic Changes
                                                                                            1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                          2. Malapportionment
                                                                                            1. Causes and Effects
                                                                                              1. Population Inequality
                                                                                                1. Rural Overrepresentation
                                                                                                  1. Urban Underrepresentation
                                                                                                  2. One Person One Vote
                                                                                                    1. Equal Representation
                                                                                                      1. Redistricting Requirements
                                                                                                    2. Redistricting and Gerrymandering
                                                                                                      1. Wasted Vote
                                                                                                        1. Vote Dilution
                                                                                                          1. Inefficient Distribution
                                                                                                            1. Strategic Packing
                                                                                                            2. Excess Vote
                                                                                                              1. Vote Concentration
                                                                                                                1. Safe Districts
                                                                                                                  1. Partisan Advantage
                                                                                                                  2. Stacked Vote
                                                                                                                    1. Fragmented Communities
                                                                                                                      1. Divided Constituencies
                                                                                                                        1. Minority Dilution

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                                                                                                                  6. Internal Political Organization of States

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                                                                                                                  8. Geographies of Conflict, Security, and Cooperation