Political Geography

  1. Boundaries and Frontiers
    1. Concepts of Boundaries and Frontiers
      1. Definitions and Distinctions
        1. Boundaries as Lines
          1. Frontiers as Zones
          2. Historical Evolution of Boundaries
            1. Pre-Modern Frontiers
              1. Colonial Boundary-Making
                1. Modern Boundary Systems
                2. The Process of Boundary Creation
                  1. Delimitation
                    1. Treaty Negotiations
                      1. Mapping Requirements
                      2. Demarcation
                        1. Physical Marking
                          1. Survey Techniques
                            1. Boundary Monuments
                            2. Administration
                              1. Border Management
                                1. Customs Control
                                  1. Immigration Enforcement
                              2. Types of Boundaries
                                1. Physical Boundaries
                                  1. Rivers
                                    1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                      1. Channel Changes
                                      2. Mountains
                                        1. Natural Barriers
                                          1. Watershed Principles
                                            1. Access Challenges
                                            2. Deserts
                                              1. Harsh Environments
                                                1. Sparse Populations
                                                  1. Resource Considerations
                                                2. Geometric Boundaries
                                                  1. Lines of Latitude and Longitude
                                                    1. Arbitrary Lines
                                                      1. Surveying Precision
                                                        1. Colonial Legacy
                                                        2. Straight-Line Borders
                                                          1. Simplicity of Administration
                                                            1. Disregard for Geography
                                                              1. Cultural Divisions
                                                            2. Cultural Boundaries
                                                              1. Antecedent Boundaries
                                                                1. Pre-Settlement Establishment
                                                                  1. Natural Evolution
                                                                  2. Subsequent Boundaries
                                                                    1. Post-Settlement Creation
                                                                      1. Cultural Considerations
                                                                      2. Superimposed Boundaries
                                                                        1. External Imposition
                                                                          1. Colonial Boundaries
                                                                            1. Artificial Divisions
                                                                            2. Relict Boundaries
                                                                              1. Historical Remnants
                                                                                1. Cultural Persistence
                                                                                  1. Landscape Traces
                                                                              2. Functions of Boundaries
                                                                                1. Defense and Security
                                                                                  1. Military Protection
                                                                                    1. Strategic Control
                                                                                      1. Buffer Zones
                                                                                      2. Administrative Control
                                                                                        1. Jurisdictional Authority
                                                                                          1. Law Enforcement
                                                                                            1. Service Delivery
                                                                                            2. Economic Regulation
                                                                                              1. Trade Control
                                                                                                1. Customs Collection
                                                                                                  1. Resource Management
                                                                                                  2. Cultural Division
                                                                                                    1. Identity Maintenance
                                                                                                      1. Language Preservation
                                                                                                        1. Religious Separation
                                                                                                        2. Migration Control
                                                                                                          1. Population Movement
                                                                                                            1. Immigration Policy
                                                                                                              1. Refugee Management
                                                                                                            2. Boundary Disputes
                                                                                                              1. Positional Disputes
                                                                                                                1. Location Disagreements
                                                                                                                  1. Survey Errors
                                                                                                                    1. Mapping Discrepancies
                                                                                                                    2. Territorial Disputes
                                                                                                                      1. Sovereignty Claims
                                                                                                                        1. Historical Rights
                                                                                                                          1. Strategic Value
                                                                                                                          2. Resource Disputes
                                                                                                                            1. Natural Resources
                                                                                                                              1. Water Rights
                                                                                                                                1. Mineral Extraction
                                                                                                                                2. Functional Disputes
                                                                                                                                  1. Administrative Conflicts
                                                                                                                                    1. Policy Differences
                                                                                                                                      1. Enforcement Issues
                                                                                                                                    2. Geographies of the Sea
                                                                                                                                      1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
                                                                                                                                        1. Key Provisions
                                                                                                                                          1. Maritime Zones
                                                                                                                                            1. Resource Allocation
                                                                                                                                            2. Maritime Jurisdiction
                                                                                                                                              1. Coastal State Rights
                                                                                                                                                1. International Waters
                                                                                                                                                  1. Dispute Resolution
                                                                                                                                                2. Territorial Waters
                                                                                                                                                  1. 12-Nautical Mile Limit
                                                                                                                                                    1. Baseline Determination
                                                                                                                                                      1. Innocent Passage
                                                                                                                                                      2. Contiguous Zone
                                                                                                                                                        1. 24-Nautical Mile Limit
                                                                                                                                                          1. Enforcement Powers
                                                                                                                                                            1. Customs Control
                                                                                                                                                            2. Exclusive Economic Zone
                                                                                                                                                              1. 200-Nautical Mile Limit
                                                                                                                                                                1. Resource Rights
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Protection
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Continental Shelf
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Geological Definition
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Extended Shelf Claims
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seabed Resources
                                                                                                                                                                        2. High Seas
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Freedom of Navigation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Common Heritage
                                                                                                                                                                              1. International Governance
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Maritime Boundary Disputes
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Overlapping Claims
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Island Disputes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resource Conflicts

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                                                                                                                                                                                5. Geopolitics and the Global Order